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| goecentric; eatch centered; catholic church |
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| heliocentric; sun centered; thought planets moved in perfectly circular orbit |
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| naked eye observation; proved geocentric theory wrong; never publicly supported heliocentric |
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| used Brach's idea to support heliocentric; disagreed with Copernicus ab the way the planets moved; two laws still here today |
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| used telescope; devised The Law of Falling Bodies & The Law of Inertia; suggested pendulum to measure time |
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| wrote Principia Mathematica; calculus; color/gravitaion; universal gravitation completely ended geocentric theory; made warden & recoined english currency; knighted by queen anne; took revenge on those who opposed him |
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| 4 idols; inductive method(experiment); Novum Organum; wrote New Atlantic--utopia |
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| wrote Discourse on Method; deductive; Cartesian Inference--I think therefore I am |
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*tribe-inborn prejudices of the group
*cave- inborn prejudices from one's environment
*market place- fasle gossip as true
*theatre- clinging to beliefs when presented with evidence those beliefs are wrong |
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| settled in Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico; solar calender writing system; tempe at chichenilza (365 steps, 52 panels, 18 sections); human sacrifice |
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| capital at Tenochtitlan; human sacrifice; worshipped warlike serpent God named Quetzalcoatl |
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| coastline of western South America; theocracy--ruled by a 'god' Inca; Capital-Cuzo..much gold and silver; mostly animal sacrifice but sometimes human; Incan Ruins-machu pichu |
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| first to set foot in North America in 985 AD |
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| first European to land in North America |
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an economic system
--Five characteristics of mercantilism:
1.Bullionism – wealth is determined by gold/silver
2.A favorable balance of trade
3.A country needs colonies (to finance raw materials/markets)
4.Wealth of the world is constant
5.Goal: independence of other nations |
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| forerunners of modern corporations |
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| world’s most important shipping insurance co |
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| the navigator of Portugal. His goal was the circumnavigate Africa. Invented the caravel. Founded schools for exploration in Portugal—Prince Henry’s School of Navigation. First major results of his efforts were the beginnings of the involvement in African slave trading for European nations. |
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| discovered southern tip of Africa; Cape of Good Hope |
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| Portuguese sailor who discovers an all-water route to the Orient (India). First European to reach India by sea |
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| – Italian who sailed for Spain (sailed west); underestimated size of Earth; Ferdinand and Isabella funded his voyage. He & his brother established Made 4 voyages to New World. Refused to admit he didn’t find a new route to the Indies. Tomb of Columbus is in Seville, Spain |
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| a German cartographer who America was named after |
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| popes original line of demarcation which Spain got everything to the west and portugal got claim to brazil |
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| first European to sight the Pacific |
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| first to successfully circumnavigate the world; strait of magellan; named the pacific; lands in Philippines where he was killed |
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| results of Magellan's voyage |
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| proved Columbus wrong. The true size of the Earth. The vast size of the pacific. A western trade route is impractical to Asia. Oceans were connected. Magellan achieved Columbus’ goal of reaching the Indies by sailing west. |
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| conquered the Aztecs of Mexico; discontent among subject tribes; Cortez conquistadores conquer Montezuma II, King of Aztecs. Cortez enslaves Aztecs. Creates new capital: Mexico City. New empire: New Spain. Cortez makes many bad investments & dies a poor man in Spain. He inspired others to search for gold |
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| overruns the Incan empire in Peru. Pizzaro captures the Incan King, Atahualpa, demanding a ransom which the Incans paid. Pizarro then has Atahualpa baptized and then has him strangled. Pizzaro is later murdered by a rival who thought Pizarro cheated him. |
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| first European to enter Texas; befriends indians |
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| explored southeastern part of what is now the US; first europeans to sight Miss. River; Desoto bridge crosses Miss. River |
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| looked for Seven Cities of Gold; didn't find gold but went as far as the Grand Canyon |
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| first permanent European settlement |
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| the first priest ordained in the Americas and later a Bishop in Mexico. Wrote Memorials, a work addressed to the Spanish monarchs. It discussed the horrendous decline of the Native American population under Spanish rule. He plead for the rights of Indians, helped ease Indians plight |
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| Results of Spanish conquest |
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| for the conquered: psychic shock, loss of native culture, deaths of starvation/disease, movement from stone age to modern technology. For the conquerors: trade center shifts from Italy to western Europe, Europe becomes treasure house of the world, Europe becomes more materialistic, Europe spreads its culture worldwide, rise in Christianity, spread of commercial capitalism. |
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| conquest ends. shift to france and england |
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| laid the foundation for the french claim of a portion of North America in 1524 |
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| "The Father of New France" established the first permanent French colony at Quebec in 1608; established fur trapping & trading; inherited money by marrying a 12 year old girl |
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| gave France claim to Mississippi Valley; sailed the length of the mississippi river |
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| Italian who sailed for England; looked for north=west passage to the orient; ship=the matthew (1st English explorer of the world?); claimed portion of north america for England; |
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| first tudor to rule england |
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| began the English involvement in the African Slave Trade |
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| first Englishman to sail around the earth |
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| tried, fails to establish colony at Roanoke, Virginia |
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| first permanent English colony in the United States; named after English King James I; Jamestown survived thanks to captain John Smith |
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| helped Jamestown survive; forced settlers to build permanent dwellings & plant crops; "he who will not work shall not eat." got a close relationship with Pocahontas |
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Indian who married John Rolfe but had a very close relationship to John Smith, who she thought was killed
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| introduced tobacco; married Pocahontas |
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| established Georgia in 1733 --a haven from debtors prison |
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| established Georgia in 1733 --a haven from debtors prison |
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| Common Elements of S. colonies |
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1. religious toleration
2. agrucultural - one or two crops
3. "Aristocratic" class- own large tracts
4. need to expand colonies - soil depleted
5. expansion leads to Indian conflicts
6. slow growth of cities
7. all S. colonies had slavery
8. founded for economic reasons |
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| Pilgrims at Plymouth (sailed on Mayflower) |
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| helped the Pilgrims survive |
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| Pilgrims, October 1621, 90 Indians attend; (1863 Lincoln made Thanksgiving a national holliday..) |
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| 70,000 Puritans leave England for the Americas. 14,000 come to Mass. Bay |
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| 1st Governer; served 19 years; established a strong economy; developed fur trading, fishing, & ship building |
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| tried for heresy in 1638; she believed she had direct relations from God; banished from the colony |
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| 1692- 20 people executed; 1693- further trials prohibited |
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| critical of Puritan Clergy; he was also banished; founded Rhole Island; practiced religious toleration; build first baptist church |
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| called King Phillip by colonists; created inter-tribal unity; brutal war |
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| 52 Puritan towns attacked Metacom.. captured & beheaded him;; Indians never again threatened England colonies |
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| sails for the Dutch; lays foundation for the Dutch claim of a portion of North America; Dutch west India Co. established for trade |
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| Dutch established it; region called New Netherlands (Peter Minuit purchased Manhattan from Indians) |
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-easter eggs
-santa clause
-waffles
-sauerkraut
-bowling
-sleighing
-skating
-golf
(Dutch influences made English colonies more "cosmopoliton" |
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| quaker who founded Pennsylvania; persecuted in England (religiously tolerant) |
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| dissolved Parliament & refused to allow it to meet; beheaded |
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| rules England (after Charles I is beheaded) as "Lord Protector" --military dictator |
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| restored the throne after Oliver Cromwell; calls for more direct rule of the colonies; (dominion of New England) |
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| the "dominion" included all New Englands colonies under one rule |
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| head of dominion of New England; suppored political liberties, taxed without representation; Andros was sent back to England |
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| 1688; Catholic King, James II was overthrown; resulted in dominion of New England collasping |
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passed by parliament to limit the kings power
1. king can't suspend laws
2. king cannot raise taxes
3. must have frequent parliament meetings
4. unrestricted debate
5. due process of law
6. king can't raise armies
7. no cruel/unusual punishment
8. king must be a protestant |
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| wrote "Two Treaties on Government"; defrnded rights of revolution; later influenced Thomas Jefferson |
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