Term
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Definition
| -Production of sugar by slaves to be consumed somewhere else. |
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Term
| Factors that enabled Trans-Atlantic European exploration |
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Definition
-Centralization of political authority
-Increase in technology (printing press, compass)
-Surge in capital wealth (sugar was the number one spice and driving force of the Atlantic slave trade. |
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Term
| Papal Bulls of Demarcation |
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Definition
| Pope drew a line 300 miles west of the Azores, everything to the west belonged to Spain, Everything to the right belonged to Portugal |
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Term
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Definition
| Moved the line created in the Papal Bulls of Demarcation 800 miles to the west, giving Brazil to Portugal |
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Term
| The terrible transformation |
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Definition
Point in time where English colonists began relying solely on enslaved African labor.
-1660s marked beginning of shift. |
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Term
| Pre-Columbian native american societies |
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Definition
Indigenous people of north america
-crossed land bridge from Siberia at the end of the ice age
-Lost many immunizations to diseases such as small pox |
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Term
| Push/pull factors that led to voluntary migration into north america |
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Definition
Push factors:
-wanting to
-economic hardship in Europe
-Rapid population growth/land boom in england
-act of migration was common place
-violent political and religious conflict
Pull factors:
-economic opportunity
-religious freedom |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by class warfare-Bacon does not want native americans forced out because they are essential to his new elite class |
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Term
| Characteristics of involuntary labor in west africa |
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Definition
| Temporary, race not a determining factor, often pows or prisoners, social obligations towards slaves (could not label as property), non-lucrative, status not transferable (cannot be born into servitude). |
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Term
| impact and consequences of native american and European contact |
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Definition
| native americans wiped out (disease *syphilis* the flu), warfare, starvation, population displacement. |
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Term
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Definition
pamphlet released by Thomas Payne(1776):
-denounced parliaments authority over colonies
-criticized divinity of the king |
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Term
| lord dunmore's proclamation |
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Definition
| (November,1775)any black who escapes to British lines can have freedom. |
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Term
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Definition
| (October 17, 1777)battle was major turning point in the war. Victory convinced French to support colonists. |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that even though there were no colonist representatives in the english government, the english government had the colonists best interests in mind so they were virtually represented on things like taxes |
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Term
| why does the boston massacre become politicized? |
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Definition
| not because a lot of people were killed, but because the colonists wanted to portray it as a sign of things to come |
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Term
| Solutions for post war english debt |
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Definition
english solution: generate revenue through taxes.
-regulatory taxes(trade & commerce I.E. tariffs)
-sugar act (1764)lowered sugar taxes from 6% to 3% (ending molasses act) in order to get merchants to stop smuggling sugar from the french and pay english taxes, even if they were less.
-stamp act(1765) revenue raising tax that unified colonial assemblies in disapproval (mobs). was repealed in 1766
-townshend act(1767) revenue generating tax on imports. Massachusetts colonial assembly coordinates a response (which caused it to be dissolved along with others)
-quartering act: moved troops into pre-existing houses
-tea act(1773) gave a monopoly on the importation of tea into the colonies to a british company. (boston tea party)
-coercive/intolerable acts: closes boston harbor, amended colonial charter, soldiers quartered wherever, british soldiers tried in england |
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Term
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Definition
| every slave owned is counted as 3/5 of a person for representation and tax purposes |
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Term
| shortcomings of master narrative |
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Definition
-geographical: spanish were really hte first in america, not the english in jamestown virginia
-Nationalism: spanish,french,dutch,english
-racial and cultural homogeneity: woman and minorities left out
-chronology: starts in 1607 in jamestown va so it leaves out all history before that (made too simple) |
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Term
| Tobacco as virginia's saving grace |
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Definition
| learned about tobacco from indians, climate was ideal for growing, was a way the for virginia company to finally make a profit |
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Term
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Definition
| dutch offered to teach english how to grow sugar in exchange for using their ships to import/export sugar and labor. This cut england out of the taxes they could be earning, so the english attacked the dutch and took control of the trans atlantic slave trade and el mina castle |
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Term
| Commonalities between all european points of contact |
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Definition
all european contact driven by profit incentive.
-spain phase 1 (1520's-1550's) conquistadors (exploration driven by profit incentive)
-spain phase 2(1610's to 1630's) missionaries (led to permanent settlement)
-england(1607)commercial venture gold/metals
-france(mid 1660's) commercial venture pelts/skins
MAIN COMMONALITY: empire building, dependent on native americans
-French |
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Term
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Definition
| the more slaves you brought over, the more land you would get |
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Term
| conditions that lead to development of trans atlantic slave trade |
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Definition
economic reasons:
-profitable labor investment
-changes in labor supply(specifically england)
-1672 royal african company formed
-headright incentive
-Low escape possibilities(v.s. native americans)
-politically viable
-no military repercussions(no central african government)
-english precedent for exclusive use of enslaved african labor
social reasons
-religious justifications (god ordained whites to civilize africans)
-biological justification(racial hierarchy attached to phenotype)
cultural justifications
-deep seeded belief in english supremacy |
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Term
| advantages and disadvantages of british army during revolutionary war |
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Definition
-largest standing army, larger population (4x that of the colonies)
-best equipped navy
-most experienced commanders
-strong manufacturing base (weapons)
-come colonists still supported the crown |
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Term
| why was george washington originally opposed to african americans enlisting in the continental army? |
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Definition
| He was afraid blacks would rebel against the whites (changes policy in December, allows blacks to enlist in states with small black populations) |
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Term
| reasons for british defeat |
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Definition
-over reliance on supply lines
-misuse/abuse of loyalists
-french support of colonies
-patriots win support of colonies
-didn't know terrain as well as colonists
-far away from front lines/fighting overseas |
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Term
| the british war strategy (northern and southern strategy) |
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Definition
Northern strategy(as of 1776):
-Take NY (loyalist stronghold) to win war. (plan did not work out with defeat at Saratoga)
Southern strategy(post Saratoga):
-tap into loyalist strongholds
-defeat at Yorktown, VA. ended war (October 19, 1781) |
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