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| Courts appointed by the king who reviewed the administration of viceroys serving Spanish colonies in America. |
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| Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I. |
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| Religion emerging from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind. |
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| Global proliferation of plants, crops, animals, human populations, and diseases following Columbus' voyage. |
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Term
| Conquistadores (kohn-KEE-stah-dohr-ayz) |
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| Spanish adventurers like Cortes and Pizarro who conquered Central and South America in the sixteenth century. |
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| Creoles, people born in the Americas of Spanish or Portuguese ancestry. |
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| British joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India; it possessed its own armed forces. |
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| Encomienda (ehn-KOH-mee-ehn-dah) |
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Definition
| System that gave the Spanish settlers (encomenderos) the right to compel the indigenous peoples of the Americas to work in the mines or fields. |
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| Brazilian sugar mill; the term also came to symbolize the entire complex world relating to the production of sugar. |
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| Hacienda (HAH-see-ehn-dah) |
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| Large Latin American estates. |
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| Powerful South American empire that would reach its peak in the fifteenth century during the reigns of Pachacuti Inca and Topa Inca. |
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| Labor source in the Americas; wealthy planters would pay the European poor to sell a portion of their working lives, usually seven years, in exchange for passage. |
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| Busy port city that became the Spanish capital of the Philippines following Spanish conquest of the Philippines in 1565. |
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| Heavily armed, fast ships that brought luxury goods from China to Mexico and carried silver from Mexico to China. |
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| Latin American term for children of Spanish and native parentage. |
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| Brazilians of mixed ancestry. |
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| Canadian term for individuals of mixed European and indigenous ancestry. |
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| Peninsulares (pehn-IHN-soo-LAH-rayz) |
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| Latin American officials from Spain or Portugal. |
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| The one-fifth of Mexican and Peruvian silver production that was reserved for the Spanish monarchy. |
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| Repartimiento (reh-PAHR-tih-mehn-toh) |
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Definition
| Spanish labor system in Latin America, supposed to replace the encomienda system, in which native communities were compelled to provide laborers for the farms or mines and the Spanish employers were expected to pay fair wages. |
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| A Caribbean tribe who were the first indigenous peoples from the Americas to come into contact with Christopher Columbus. |
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| Treaty (1494) dividing the world outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along the North-South meridian at 370 leagues west of the Cape Verdes Islands. |
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| United East India Company (VOC) |
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Definition
| Dutch joint-stock company, founded in 1602, that operated Dutch trading posts with government support but with little government oversight. |
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| Latin American term for individuals born of indigenous and African parents. |
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