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| most famous skeptic; a French Huguenot aho found refuge in the Netherlands, examined past religious beliefs and persecutions in his Historical and Critical Dictionary |
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| helped spread Newton's ideas inFrance by translating his Principia and by influencing Voltaire |
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| edited the 17th volume Encyclopedia: The Rational Dictionary of the Sciences, the Arts, and the Crafts; wanted the Encyclopedia to "change the general way of thinking" |
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| regular social gatherers held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophers and their followers met to discuss literature, science, etc. |
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| a professor in East Prussia and the greatest German philosopher of his day; posed the question of the age when he published a pamphlet in 1784 entitled What is Enlightenment? |
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| Swedish botanist who wrote The System of Nature which argued that nature was organized into a God-given hierarchy |
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| a thinker; urged that Jews be given freedom and civil rights |
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| canceled Joseph's radical edicts in order to reestablish order; peasants had to do labor |
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| a commoner who became supreme ruler; sent armies to Korea to conquer the mainland; did not pass power ti an heir |
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| founder of the Ming Dynasty; made the city of Nanjing and mae it his base; known as Taizu or the Hongwu emperor |
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| practiced medicine, wrote Sayings of a Female Doctor at age 50; treated women; a woman doctor; died at age 93 |
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| the episodic story of a band of bandits |
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| The Romance of the Three Kingdom |
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| a work of natural historical fiction based on the exploits of the generals and statesmen contending for power at the end of the Han Dynasty |
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| a fantastic account of the Tang monk Xuanzang's travels to India; in his book he is accompanied by pig and a monkey with supernatural powers |
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| a novel of manners about a lustful merchant with a wife and five concubines |
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| united the Manchus and expanded their territories; created a nwe social basis for his armies in units |
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| units of the Qing army, composed of soldiers, their families and slaves |
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| proved adept at meeting the expectations of both the Chinese and the Manchu elites; could read, write, and speak Chinese |
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| an actor and playwright who also wrote on the aesthetic theory of No |
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| regional lords in Japan; many had built their power by seizing what they needed and trade to raise revenues |
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| Hideyoshoshi's long time supporter; ruled vast territories around Edo; smashed a coalition of daimyo defenders of the heir and began building his own government; took the title Shogun; fashioned the Tokugawa Shogunate of etc. |
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| wrote stories of the foibles of townspeople in such books as Five Women Who Loved Love and The Life on an Amorous Man |
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| went on a mission to China; was instructed to secure a place for British traders to live near the tea-producing area; was denied a formal audience in the palace |
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| became one of Washington's must trusted generals |
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| in the summer of 1789, the fear of vagabonds and outlaws that seized the French countryside and fanned the flames of revolution |
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| a freeman of color who led a revolt in Saint-Domingue that failed |
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| Conservative leader; was deeply troubled by the revolution in France; published Reflections on the Revolution in France, which defended inherited privileges in general and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy in particular |
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| a writer in London; wrote Vindication of the Rights of Man; developed logical implications of natural-law philosophy for the very first time in her masterpiece A Vindication of the Rights of Women |
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| self-taught writer and woman of the people; was inspired by Wollstonecraft and pur forth parallel ideas independently in France; wrote Declaration of the Rights of a Woman |
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| led one group of the Jacobins called the Mountains |
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| united the resistance under his command and led them to a crushing victory over the French forces |
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| the transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landess wage earners |
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| a gifted carpenter and jack-of-all-trades; invented the cotton spinning jenny about 1765; |
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| a barber turned manufacturer; invented the water frame |
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| developed the pudding furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke |
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| invented the steam hammer; his invention was the forerunner of the modern pilr driver and its successful introduction in 1832 epitomized the rapid development of steam power technology |
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| a Lancashire carpenter; he and his sons began building cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium in 1799 |
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| business pioneer in the German machine industry |
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| German journalist and thinker; came up with the idea of economic nationalism; reflected government's greater role in industrialization on the European continent than in England |
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| a Romantic poet; called the early factories "satanic mills" and protested against the hard life of the London poor |
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| a Romantic poet; lamented the destruction of the rural way of life and the pollution of the land and water |
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| Jediah and Elizabeth Strutt |
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| established a enterprise in silk stocking making; built a large silk mill and created a firm |
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| enlightened thinkers; hero was John the Baptist; believed Jesus was just a good moral teacher but was not the son of God; said Christianity promoted superstitiousness & myths; liked aethiests better than Christians b/c they could be taught, Christians already had a strict way of thinking; believed Christianit was unreasonable |
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| Englis philosophe; wrote Of Civil Government to Treatsies; wanted a contract b/t the ppl and king, king protects ppl, ppl obey king, but ppl also had the right to overthrow the king; got rid of rote memorization, said to teach 4rm experience; goal was body & mind; said students should have plenty of rest & fresh air, manners, virtue, etc. |
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| philosophe; wanted to recover the lost government for Louis 14th; wrote the Spirit of Laws which follows the English system); raised the conceps of separation of powers and checks & balances; wants to entities in France, Nobility & Monarch |
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| French philosophe; worships Louis 14th; the gentleman 2 king's bed chamber (helps king change clothes), last person to tlk 2 king in the morning & nite; believed in Enlightened Despotism; believed man could create an garden of eden but you have to get rid of the weeds; said ppl should be prideful & have free sex choice; got involved in Clay Case* (found his son hung by Clay b/c Clay wanted to save his son's soul, Voltaire laughed) |
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| king has total control over men; secular in that it claimed no mandate from Heaven and recognized no special responsibility to God or the institutional church; rational and reformist; wanted to do away with custom; was an acceleration of the old monarchy; was dictated by circumstances |
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| French philosophe; was an orpahn, ran away @ age 16; came up with new way of writin music, couldnt read music; developed a paranoid personality; *wrote Social Contract in 1762*, conceps were libery, responsibility, obligation, freedom; contract b/t ppl and ppl; believed in common sovereignty, ppl make the laws; called the 1st model Democrat; majority rules, no minority rights; wanted to go back nature; wrote Emile (which says treat a child like a child); said progress comes from education; believed in civil religion |
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| Importance of Philosophes |
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| if the ppl have an abusive ruler, get rid of them and start over |
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| ruler is Quesnay; came up with laissez-faire |
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| "hands-off"; government stay out of the economy, let businesses do what they want |
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| called the Father of Modern Capitalism; wrote English Wealth; system said wealth comes from trade; likes free trade; |
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| assembly line of reproduction; strictly repitition; importance was that England adopted free trade for 80yrs |
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| memorize a long piece on info and then recite the whole thing |
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| Englishman; believes there is no such thing as miracles, believes in natural phenomenon, believes the educated do not believe in miracles but the stupid does; believes institutional churches are nonsense; does not believe in God |
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| inventor of the "rocket" (the 1st locomotive in England in 1829) |
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| saved the revolution and the national assembly; when over 7,000 women get king and queen b/c they were out of food (bread) |
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| French revolutionary; were ppl with like demands that formed a pact; formed a political party and ran the government |
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| aristocrats; fought for aristocrat freedom for them to run the show |
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| ppl who wear long trowsers |
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| man of the Enlightenment; believes he has a destiny; compares his mind to a chest of drawers (each one labeled), when he made a decision, he used info out of a drawer to make it |
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| commanded 27 ships in the Trafalgar battle; was outnumbered; was fatally wounded by a sniper and died |
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| greatest naval battle fought b/t England vs. France & Spain; French & Spanish lost 19 ships, 11 were captured, othe 7 were blown up by the English; English lost no ships and won the battle |
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| Austria, Prussia, Russia & Britain against France, Napoleon gave up |
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| goes against Napoleon when he tries to get the French throne again; battles him at Waterloo |
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| Austrian; foreign minister (secretary of state); vain man who thinks hes perfect; capable and intelligent; wants to balance power; wants law and order in Europe; thinks that if Alex I put Poland back together it will lead to war |
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| British; foreign secretary; shy and misunderstood; wants to balance power commited suicide in 1822; put the allegiance together that got rid of Napoleon; thinks that if Alex I put Poland back together it will lead to war |
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| schizerphrenic; killed his own father to get crown; fell n2 a depression; wants to put Poland back together under Russian domination |
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| worst battle in history; British general dont give any orders to soldiers; 673 British soldiers go down wrong valley and get killed by Russian army |
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| took upper middle class ladies to nurse hurt British soldiers; b/c of her women got a new profession - nursing |
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| 1st civilian war cover respondent in modern history; his reporting was reported 72 hours after it was written |
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| rational, God doesnt care; the new religion of the Philosophes |
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| wrote Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire |
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| declared they were the representatives of France; 19 clergy & some noblemen; had no authority |
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| a simultaneous revival in Germany, England, and North America was a reaction to Enlightened thought in the area of religion; resulted in thousands being saved, revitalization of Calvinism, emergence of new denominations and more religions toleration, revivals becoming part of religion |
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| leaders of the Great Awakening in England |
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| most prominent First Great Awakening figure in North America; great evangelist; his preaching united the separate revivals that had broken out in the New England colonies and spreaded to southern colonies |
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| an Enlightened despot in charge of Prussia; supported religious toleration; made justice available to every1; founded a bank; drained river valleys for land & improved transportation system by construciting ports & canals; improve serfdom; referred to himself as "merely the first servant of the Jesuits"; he loved French; spent whole life healing wounds he opened in Prussia; |
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| were banned in almost all Roman Catholic countries; in 1773 the Pope dissolved the society |
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| ruled in Austria; set out to prevent the dissolution of the monarchy by breaking the control of the territorial diets and the nobility; passed laws against the abuse of serfs |
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| ruled Austria with his mother; came the closet to Voltaire's philosophy; clashed with himself, did not make things better but ended any type of abuse; issued reforms in government - (made German the official language for his administration, modernized the bureaucracy thru training courses, promotion schedules, retirement pensions, etc., broke aristocratic monopolies by introducing commoners into positions of power and created a secret police to oversee them), tried to abolish serfdom (tried to grant them freedom and turn them n2 property owners), sought to reduce the Austrian Roman Catholic Church's dependence on the Pope (believed the state shouldnt do the work of the Holy Spirit), had toleration for different types of religious ppl; his Toleration Edict of October 1781 extended considerable religious and full civic rights to Protestants and similar rights to Jews-Austria became the 1st country to let Jews serve in armies & become nobles; instituted civil marriage & divorce; laid the foundation of Viennese excellance as a leading medical center in Europe; regulated # of candles on an altar & how one was supposed to be buried; Leopold I brother; serfs rebelled against him b/c he promised freedom that many of them never got |
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| German princess; married Peter III (Tsar); Lutheran; had 12 lovers; Voltaire was her propaganda agent in the West; gave a codification to Russian laws & requested a constitution; improved serfdom; was entitled the grat b/c of her conquests (in two wars with the Turks, she captured the banks of the Black Sea); extended Russian frontiers westward |
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| Tsar; tried a rat for killing his paper soldiers; was thrown in prison by wife |
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| former soldier and Cossack; aroused the Cossacks, Asiatic Muslims, Old Believers, and peasants to think he was Peter III, his aim was to exact revenge for the treatment of his ppl by the gov't; had an army, was captured & tried for treason |
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| Coming of the French Revolution |
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| loss of respect for the French crown; inequalities in societ; unfair tax exemptions for the nobility, church, & some middles class, France did not have alot of money; their effort to humiliate England put them in more debt; the aristocracy wanted to gain political dominance in France in order to protect their rights and freedom; bad harvests and unemployment |
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| had a lot of love affairs, charged wit bankrupting France b/c of it; restored noble priviledges; tried to change the tax structure in order to raise badly needed revenue , imposed a 5% income tax on all his subjects, it had no exemptions, the nobility & clergy rose up against it put abolished it b/c he got pressured, he later tried it again and tried to stand firm but it was the same year of his death; his grandson (Louis XVI) withdrew the law |
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| Louis XVI's 1st finance minister; devised a vigorous reform program that abolished all feudal dues and taxes |
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| Louis XIV's 2nd finance minister; a Swiss banker with the reputation as a financial genius; lied to the nation sayin there was a surplus when there was really a deficit; quit before he could be fired |
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| Louis XIV's 3rd finance minister; tried an end run to tax the rich; got the king to convene an Assembly of Notables; was rejected |
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| gathering of prominent clergy, noblemen, important landowners, and officers; were given the choice to give up their priviledges for the good of France and be praised and maybe even worshipped by society, they refused and attacked Calonne as a dictator, tyrant, and opressor; led an aristocratic revolt |
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| tried to get France out of debt with the help of finance ministers but failed, was blamed for debt; agreed to convene the Estates General |
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| the legislative body for France; consists of the 1st Estate (clergy), 2nd Estate (nobility), and 3rd Estate (everyone else); the aristocracy (nobility) controlled 2 of the 3 votes that could be cast because they outnumbered the clergy |
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| King & Queen of France have no power b/c they tried to flee & be Emigres; Constitution gives freedom and the political power lies with the ppl who have jobs and property; France is divided n2 83 different departments |
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| The Civil Constitution of Clergy of 1790 |
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| Church is part of gov't; priests and bishops are state employees and are chosen by 50,000 electors; bishops/priests gotta take an oath b4 preachin, only 7 take it |
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| issued by King of Austria & Prussia; get Europe back to way it was before Louis XVI |
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| new class created by Napoleon; were heros on the battle field |
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| men can keep kids; France can budget; new class; |
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| agreement b/t Napoleon & Pope; civil constitution of clergy thrown out; anti-roman laws repelled, Napoleon pays protestant salaries |
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| Treaty b/t Napoleon & Alex I; marks height of Napoleon's power |
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| try transport goods on land; is a failure - not enough space, no free trade area, British economy bounces back, smuggling |
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| took Napoleon's power when Spain tried to take over English trade |
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| Alex I said Russia was pullin outta Continental System, Napoleon gets a army & invades Russia, Russians kill off land and livestock, Napoleon withdraws |
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| battle against Welligton and Napoleon at Waterloo |
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| 3 dozen stated send a representative to Vienna to sign a peace treaty - Austria, England, Russia, Prussia, & France |
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| prevent French expansion in the future |
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| Austria, England, Prussia, Russia; insure stability in Europe; called the Conserve of Europe |
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| Austria, Prussia, Russia; Christian League of Nations |
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| named after Prez. Monroe; Europe cant renounce colonies or creat new ones |
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| secretary of state in U.S. |
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| Belgain Revolution of 1830 |
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| Belgium ruled by Dutch; Dutch are Calvinists, Belgium is Roman Catholic; Dutch wants Belgium to pay tarriffs; Dutch dont want Belgium to have independence; Poland rose up instead of Belgium causing worse problems; Belgium got independence and are neutral from any wars |
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| England declared war on Russia b/c they violated Belgium's neutrality by invading it; disagreement b/t Greek orthodox & Roman Catholics; ruler of France pressures Constantanople; Britain is flip floppy - wana help Turks, want to control em; ppl racist against themselves |
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| war ends by diplomacy; peace neutralizes the Black Sea; every1 recognizes that Turkey is defenseless; defines the rules of naval warfare |
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| 6 different revolutions put together in 1 |
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| Industrial Rev. - Demographics |
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| population increase in England by improving medical care and sanitation, wool develops |
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| Industrial Rev. - Agricultural |
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| develop a better plow; turnips are grown |
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| Industrial Rev. - Commercial/Financial |
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| had better tools to maintain products; developed joint stock company to raise money quickly w/o capital; developed great bank of England |
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| Industrial Rev. - Transportation |
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| develop canals and have wind ships; railroad reduced costs |
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| came up with the steam engine |
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| Industrial Rev. - Communications |
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| railroad increases communication b/c of its speed; invention of the penny post; telegraph |
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| any letter sent anywhere for a penny; increases volume of communication not speed |
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| Industrial Rev. - Technological |
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| invented the circular motion steam engine; can be built anywhere; ppl worked according to machine motion |
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| name put on do not employ list in Europe |
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| hated horrible work conditions; wanted to legalize prostitution; men marry @ 30, suggested to build factories nx to swamps; no sex; prevent medical contribution; 4get charity to the poor |
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| 2 ways 2 pay a worker - iron law of wages (juss enough for him) or market wages (wage where he can get married and have kids) |
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