Term
| What were the most important reforms of Diocletian & Constantine and their successors? What roles did those reforms play in saving & transforming the empire? |
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Definition
- Diocletian most important reform was creating the tetrarchy b/c he realized the empire was to large & complex for 1 man to rule alone which allowed him to militarize his society
-Constantine ended the persecution of Christians & granted Christian clergy the same privileges as pagan priests
- they played major roles seeing as they both came in a time of dire needs when it took a leader to stand up and say we can not do this alone therefore making these reforms to bring change |
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Term
| For what 3 reasons was Clovis popular w/ both his own ppl & the Romans? |
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Definition
-he had the same enemies as Romans
-he had the Franks go straight from paganism to christianity
-he eagerly sought formal recognition & titles from constantinople, portarying himself as a Roman official |
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Term
| Who found Christian monasticism? What are the 2 forms of monasticism that developed & how do they differ? How are they alike? In what areas are the different styles most prominent? |
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Definition
-Saint Anthony the Great
-communal organization where they practice monasticism within monasteries & other monks they also participate in political & secular affairs in the empire
-solitary life where they practice monasticism alone withdrawing from ppl totally in an attempt of extreme self-mortification & prayer
-they are alike in how they practice the same beliefs, but what makes them different is the process in how they complete this
-they were each prominent b/c the communal organizations provided a place of training as well as a self-sufficient community
-solitary life was prominent in the fact that it was such a fierce religious commitment b/w someone & themselves |
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Term
| What were the most important factors in the rise of the Arab ppls & the Islamic faith? |
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Definition
-a very fragile Islamic world needed change & it came by way of a man named Muhammad
-Islam forbade raiding other Muslims, a new outlet for traditional violence was needed
-the need to expand the faith so the house of Islam & the house of war (jihad) were sort of linked
-Byzantium and Persia were militarily weakened from fighting each other |
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Term
| What were the greatest achievements of the Carolingians & why were they so successful? |
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Definition
-they were the boldest, strongest, & wealthiest family in Frankish world
-their monks christianized the countrysides
-allied themselves w/ the church
-pushed muslims back into spain
-revival of learning making it mandatory for cathedrals & monastaries to have schools
-created vassals
-no boundary b/w state & church |
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Term
| What 2 benefits did the title of "emperor" confer on the German kings? |
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Definition
-gave them immense & power that owed nothing to the dukes
-Raised possibility of securing huge material resources in Italy, where as emperors, they did not have to share power as they did in Germany |
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Term
| Into what principle social groups were the ppl of high medieval Europe organized? (Those who...) What group of ppl were they? Name one responsibility of each group? |
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Definition
-those who pray
-those who fight
-those who work
-those who are left out
-Kings, Aristocrats, Nobles, Clergy, & Peasants
-Rulers & elites
-Kings were primarily military commanders
-Aristocrats were concerned w/ maintaining their own spheres of control & independence they cooperated w/ the kings not as subjects, but partners & 1 would usual be chosen to govern in the abscence of the king
-King owned the land & granted fiefs to loyal followers (vassals)
-Vassals (lord) had peasant tenants
-Peasants worked land, gave products to lord
-Lord doesn’t have to work, can fight for king |
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Term
| Name 1 heretical movement & explain the beliefs of that group. Name 1 mendicant order & explain who founded it & on what tenets? |
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Definition
-Albigensians & they believed god of the old testament was the devil & objected to war & capital punishment, & reincarnation
-Franciscans begun by Saint Francis of Assisi on the tenets that: avoid the pursuit of wealth, personal & corporate poverty, pope permits them to aquire property for their work, & poverty & property prompted disputes |
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Term
| How did the Great Schism change the church & the papacy? |
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Definition
-Pope and Patriarch excommunicated each other over doctrinal, worship differences
-Church decisively split |
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Term
| What challenges did the eastern empire face & what were some of its major contributions? |
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Definition
-the majority of the pagan inhabitants had to choose b/w conversion or expulsion so when they fled their fields were left to the peasants
-this helped establish a new agrarian economy modeled on western europe estates which boosted their economy since they had so much land to grow on & then they shipped it off in fleets |
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Term
| When was the Council of Nicaea? Why did Constantine call it? What was its conclusion regarding the deity of Christ? |
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Definition
-325AD or early 4th century
-due to 2 great heresies at the time which was christ as a deity himself & his relationship b/w his divine & human natures
-concluded that jesus is co-equal & co-eternal w/ god (Christ = God) |
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Term
| How did the new states emerge in Spain, Scandinavia, & the Slavic world & how do those states compare w/ their western neighbors? |
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Definition
-the Carolingian Empire stretched from the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic which linked all these states through a network of commerce & exchange which reformed their worlds
-it was essentially their hunger for power and riches that led to these states as well as the connecting factor of the traveling merchants
-they were very similar in structure to their western neighbors consisting of social classes & respected orders
-the alliance they built b/w church & monarchy provided the formula for future European kings to follow
-essentially the empire's prosperity & realtive internal peace had resulted from continued successful expansion at the cost of their neighbors
-they care for only themselves not worried about what their change in currency & redistribution of booty did to those that surrounded them |
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Term
| What social & political forces encouraged division within the various Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, & Frankish kingdoms? |
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Definition
-religous beliefs
-rights for the ppl
-disputes over tradition within the integrations of all the different cultures
-intolerance for conversion
-found it easier to break up & do their own thing which in the end destroyed the only hopes of ever reuniting the theoretical world of the western empires |
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