Term
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Definition
| each of a pair of organs in the abdominal cavity of mammals, birds, and reptiles, excreting urine |
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Term
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Definition
| an indentation in the surface of a kidney, spleen, or other organ, where blood vessels, ducts, nerve fibers, etc., enter or leave it |
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Term
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Definition
| broadened top part of the ureter into which the kidney tubules drain |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of the pelvis of a mammalian kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| outer layer of another organ or body part such as a kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| inner region of an organ or tissue, esp. when it is distinguishable from the outer region or cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of a kidney consisting of a renal pyramid and the renal cortex above it |
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Term
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Definition
| cone-shaped tissues of the kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| location where the Medullary pyramids empty urine into the renal pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| each of the functional units in the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus and its associated tubule, through which the glomerular filtrate passes before emerging as urine |
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Term
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Definition
| arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood |
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Term
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Definition
| veins that drain the kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| vessels of the renal circulation which supply the renal lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| vessels of the renal circulation which drain the renal lobes |
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Term
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Definition
- vessels of the renal circulation
- located at the border of the renal cortex and renal medulla
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Term
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Definition
- vessel of the renal circulation
- located at the border of the renal cortex and renal medulla
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Term
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Definition
| group of blood vessels that supply the nephrons in many excretory systems |
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Term
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Definition
| blood vessels that are part of the urinary tract of organisms |
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Term
| peritubular capillary plexus |
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Definition
| tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron |
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Term
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Definition
| series of straight capillaries (recta is from the Latin for "straight") that descend from the cortex into the medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| initial blood-filtering component of a nephron |
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Term
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Definition
| capsule-shaped membranous structure surrounding the glomerulus of each nephron in the kidneys of mammals that extracts wastes, excess salts, and water from the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| (or visceral epithelial cell) cells of the visceral epithelium in the kidneys and form a crucial component of the glomerular filtration barrier, contributing size selectivity and maintaining a massive filtration surface |
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Term
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Definition
| (or podocyte) cells of the visceral epithelium in the kidneys and form a crucial component of the glomerular filtration barrier, contributing size selectivity and maintaining a massive filtration surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Foot processes of podocytes interdigitate with one another forming filtration slits (or slit pores) that, in contrast to those in the glomerular endothelium, are spanned by diaphragms |
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Term
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Definition
| layer of extracellular matrix on which epithelium sits and which is secreted by the epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| thin contraceptive cap fitting over the cervix |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized cells around blood vessels in the kidneys, at the mesangium |
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Term
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Definition
| location of the glomerulus |
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Term
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Definition
| location on the renal corpuscle opposite to the vascular pole |
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Term
| proximal convoluted tubule |
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Definition
- (proximal tubule) portion of the duct system of the nephron leading from Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle
- microvilli greatly increase the luminal surface area of the cells, presumably facilitating their resorptive function
- mitochondria are needed in order to supply the energy for the active transport of sodium ions out of the proximal tubule
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Term
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Definition
| each of a large number of minute projections from the surface of some cell |
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Term
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Definition
- staining method used in histology and pathology
- primarily used to identify glycogen in tissues
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Term
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Definition
| organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
- (proximal tubule) portion of the duct system of the nephron leading from Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle
- microvilli greatly increase the luminal surface area of the cells, presumably facilitating their resorptive function
- mitochondria are needed in order to supply the energy for the active transport of sodium ions out of the proximal tubule
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Term
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Definition
| middle part of the cortical lobule or renal lobule, consisting of a group of straight tubes to the collecting ducts |
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Term
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Definition
| the lymphatic vessels of the small intestine that absorb digested fats |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Membrane plaques that are stored in the apical cytoplasm and utilized during stretching of the
transitional epithelium are found in which organ?
A. esophagus
B. urinary bladder
C. colon
D. pancreatic duct |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is NOT part of the medullary ray?
A. collecting duct
B. proximal convoluted tubule
C. distal straight tubule
D. proximal straight tubule |
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Definition
| B. proximal convoluted tubule |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of the renal tubule constituting the first part of the loop of Henle |
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Term
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Definition
| sub-portion of the loop of Henle in the nephron of the kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system |
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Term
| juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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Definition
| microscopic structure in the kidney, which regulates the function of each nephron |
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Term
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Definition
| area of closely packed specialized cells lining the wall of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) at the point of return of the nephron to the vascular pole of its parent glomerulus glomerular vascular pole |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme secreted by and stored in the kidneys that promotes the production of the protein angiotensin |
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Term
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Definition
| tubular segment of the renal collecting duct system that connects the distal convoluted tubule to the cortical collecting duct |
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Term
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Definition
| anatomical structure of the kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine |
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Term
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Definition
| broadened top part of the ureter into which the kidney tubules drain |
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Term
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Definition
| duct by which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder or cloaca |
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Term
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Definition
| type of tissue consisting of multiple layers of epithelial cells which can contract and expand |
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Term
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Definition
| hollow, muscular, and distensible (or elastic) organ that sits on the pelvic floor in mammals |
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Term
| lamina muscularis mucosae (or muscularis mucosa) |
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Definition
| thin layer of smooth muscle found in most parts of the gastrointestinal tract, located outside the lamina propria mucosae and separating it from the submucosa |
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Term
| muscular coat (muscular layer, muscular fibers, muscularis propria, muscularis externa) |
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Definition
| region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the mucous membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| duct by which urine is conveyed out of the body from the bladder, and which in male vertebrates also conveys semen |
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Term
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Definition
| anatomical feature present in the urinary system of both males and females |
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Term
A newly discovered animal does not concentrate its urine (remains watery). Being an expert in
renal histology now, you can infer that this animal may have a shortage of the following structure:
A. proximal tubule
B. distal tubule
C. juxtaglomerular apparatus
D. Thin portion of loop of Henle
E. Thick portion of loop of Henle |
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Definition
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Term
What is a difference in epithelial structure between the proximal and distal kidney tubules?
A. proximal tubule has more lysosomes
B. proximal tubule has more nuclei per cross-section
C. distal tubule has a tall brush border
D. distal tubule has more lysosomes |
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Definition
| A. proximal tubule has more lysosomes |
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Term
What is a major difference in epithelial structure between the proximal and distal convoluted
tubules in the kidney?
A. proximal tubule has more nuclei per cross-section
B. proximal tubule has larger nuclei
C. distal tubule has no brush border
D. distal tubule has more mitochondria |
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Definition
| D. distal tubule has more mitochondria |
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Term
What is a difference in epithelial structure between the proximal and distal kidney tubules?
A. proximal tubule has a smaller cross-sectional area
B. proximal tubule has a tall brush border
C. distal tubule has few mitochondria
D. distal tubule has fewer nuclei per cross-section |
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Definition
| B. proximal tubule has a tall brush border |
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Term
What is the function of the thin limbs of Henle in nephrons?
A. the primary site for water reabsorption.
B. help remove toxins.
C. maintain the high osmolarity of the medulla.
D. the final site for hormonal control of water reabsorption |
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Definition
| C. maintain the high osmolarity of the medulla |
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Term
Blood is filtered through what 3 components in the kidney?
A. capillary endothelium, basal lamina, podocyte slits
B. juxtamedulary capillaries, podocyte slits, mesangial cells
C. juxtaglomerular cells, basal lamina, endothelial fenestrations
D. All of the above are correct |
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Definition
| A. capillary endothelium, basal lamina, podocyte slits |
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Term
Which of the following is NOT part of the proximal convoluted tubule epithelium?
A. lysosomes
B. pinocytotic vesicles
C. PAS+ brush border
D. Abundance of mitochondria
E. apocrine secretions |
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Definition
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Term
Where are Juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells) located?
A. afferent arteriole
B. efferent arteriole
C. distal convoluted tubule
D. peritubular capillaries
E. Bowman’s capsule |
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Definition
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Term
The general structure of the kidney is multilobular in what species?
A. felines and canines
B. equine and small ruminants
C. avian and fish
D. porcine and large ruminants |
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Definition
| D. porcine and large ruminants |
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Term
Renal Corpuscles contain which of the following?
A. Podocyte cells
B. Vasa recta
C. JG cells
D. Macula densa
E. Kupffer cells |
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Definition
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Term
Renal Corpuscles contain which of the following?
A. Mesangial cells
B. Vasa recta
C. Loops of Henle
D. Macula densa |
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Definition
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Term
In the kidney, a barrier to the red blood cells is:
A. Podocyte cells
B. JG cells
C. Endothelial cells
D. Basal lamina
E. Mesangial cells |
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Definition
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Term
One of the major functions of the juxtamedullary nephron is:
A. Reduced filtration of the blood
B. Maintenance of the high salt content of the medulla
C. Secretion of toxins
D. Formation of interlobar veins
E. Formation of interlobar arteries |
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Definition
| B. Maintenance of the high salt content of the medulla |
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Term
One can find an abundance of mitochondria in which cells of the kidney?
A. Collecting tubules
B. Proximal convoluted tubules
C. Loops of Henle
D. JG cells
E. Mesangial cells |
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Definition
| B. Proximal convoluted tubules |
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Term
Mesangial cells are associated with what structure in the kidney?
A. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
B. Vasa recta
C. Afferent arteriole
D. Proximal convoluted tubules
E. Bowman’s capsule |
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Definition
| A. Juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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Term
Select the WORDS OR PHRASE PAIR that are CLEARLY ASSOCIATED:
A. mesangial cells -- proximal convoluted tubule
B. podocytes -- basal lamina
C. transitional epithelium -- Palatine tonsil
D. cells with brush border -- distal convoluted tubule |
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Definition
| B. podocytes -- basal lamina |
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Term
Select the WORDS OR PHRASE PAIRS that are CLEARLY ASSOCIATED:
A. squamous epithelium -- collecting duct
B. horse ureter -- tubuloalveolar mucous glands
C. urethra -- muscularis mucosa
D. urinary bladder -- stratified columnar epithelium |
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Definition
| B. horse ureter -- tubuloalveolar mucous glands |
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Term
Select the WORDS OR PHRASE PAIR that are CLEARLY ASSOCIATED:
A. mesangial cells -- JG cells
B. mitochondria -- proximal convoluted tubule
C. transitional epithelium -- Palatine tonsil
D. cells with brush border -- distal convoluted tubule |
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Definition
| B. mitochondria -- proximal convoluted tubule |
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Term
The epithelium of the kidney that contains an abundance of ion transport proteins, large
mitochondria but few lysosomes:
A. Proximal convoluted tubule
B. Thin limb of Henle
C. Distal convoluted tubule
D. Collecting tubule |
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Definition
| C. Distal convoluted tubule |
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Term
Select the WORDS OR PHRASE PAIRS that are CLEARLY ASSOCIATED:
A. multilobular kidney -- dog
B. podocytes -- tight junctions
C. transitional epithelium -- collecting duct
D. Lysosomes -- proximal convoluted tubule |
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Definition
| D. Lysosomes -- proximal convoluted tubule |
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Term
The kidney cortex medullary rays contains:
A. straight proximal tubules
B. straight distal tubules
C. collecting ducts
D. All of the above are correct |
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Definition
| D. All of the above are correct |
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Term
The medulla of the kidney contains primarily:
A. proximal and distal convoluted tubules
B. collecting ducts and thin limbs of Henle
C. arcuate and lobular arteries
D. proximal straight and distal straight tubules |
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Definition
| B. collecting ducts and thin limbs of Henle |
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Term
A Unique characteristic of the urethra compared to ureter and bladder:
A. thin layers of smooth muscle
B. columnar epithelium
C. a prominent fold of the mucosa
D. thick muscularis mucosa
E. abundance of mucosal glands |
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Definition
| C. a prominent fold of the mucosa |
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Term
Transitional epithelium is NOT found in the following structure:
A. papillary duct
B. ureter
C. urinary bladder
D. urethra |
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Definition
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Term
Juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of structures associated with the following:
A. collecting tubule and peritubular capillaries
B. distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole
C. proximal convoluted tubule and Bowman’s capsule
D. Efferent arteriole and Podocytes |
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Definition
| B. distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole |
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Term
Basic features of the renal corpuscle include:
A. fenestrated capillaries endothelium
B. no diaphragm over the fenestrations
C. thick basal lamina
D. epithelial slits
E. All the above |
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Definition
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Term
Morphologic region of the kidney that are acted upon by hormone to reabsorb Na+:
A. Proximal convoluted tubules
B. Collecting Ducts
C. thin limbs of Henle
D. Distal convoluted tubules |
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Definition
| D. Distal convoluted tubules |
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Term
Regarding juxtamedullary renal nephrons, which of the following is TRUE?
A. are needed in animals such as frogs
B. contain short thin loops of Henle
C. help to maintain the high osmolality of the deep medulla
D. produce the peritubular capillaries |
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Definition
| C. help to maintain the high osmolality of the deep medulla |
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Term
Which of these organs DOES NOT have a cortex and medulla?
A. lymph node
B. thymus
C. kidney
D. pharyngeal tonsil |
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Definition
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Term
When comparing a desert rat to a frog, the structure of the kidney varies in that the frog has which
of the following?
A. a higher proportion of medulla to retain more water
B. a higher proportion of cortex to retain more water
C. a higher proportion of medulla to excrete more water
D. a higher proportion of cortex to excrete more water
E. an equal proportion of medulla and cortex would be present in each |
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Definition
| D. a higher proportion of cortex to excrete more water |
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Term
Mitochondria are important to the epithelium of kidney nephron tubules because they provide ATP,
which aids in the:
A. synthesis of proteins used in the formation of lysosomes.
B. the contraction of smooth muscle cells surrounding the tubules.
C. pumping of ions at the folded basal plasmalemma borders.
D. active process of transporting water across the epithelium.
E. contraction of microvilli at the brush border of the proximal tubules. |
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Definition
| C. pumping of ions at the folded basal plasmalemma borders. |
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Term
In the juxtamedullary region of the kidney, one would expect to easily find which of the following?
A. vasa recta
B. interlobular arteries
C. straight proximal and distal tubules
D. proximal convoluted tubules |
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Definition
| C. straight proximal and distal tubules |
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Term
In the juxtamedullary region of the kidney, one would expect to easily find which of the following?
A. vasa recta
B. thin loops of Henle
C. arcuate arteries
D. proximal convoluted tubules |
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Definition
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|
Term
In the glomerulus, what structure is the most significant component of the blood "filtration barrier",
as related to limiting the filtration of large proteins?
A. podocyte pedicles
B. capillary fenestrations
C. basal lamina
D. capillary endothelium |
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Definition
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|
Term
In the glomerulus, what structure is the most important, the most significant component of the
blood "filtration barrier", as related to limiting the filtration of red blood cells?
A. podocyte pedicles
B. capillary fenestrations
C. basal lamina
D. Bowman’s capsule |
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Definition
| B. capillary fenestrations |
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Term
Vasa recta forms a close association through it capillary network with which component of the
kidney?
A. distal convoluted tubule
B. arcuate vein
C. proximal convoluted tubule
D. thin limbs of Henle’s loops
E. collecting ducts |
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Definition
| D. thin limbs of Henle’s loops |
|
|
Term
The kidney cortex contains which of the following?
A. renal calyx
B. vasa recta
C. renal corpuscles
D. renal pyramids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The kidney cortex DOES NOT contain which of the following?
A. distal straight tubules
B. collecting ducts
C. vasa recta
D. arcuate arteries |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Submucosal tubuloalveolar mucous glands are extensive in the proximal region of the ureter in
which animal species?
A. dog
B. pig
C. rabbit
D. horse
E. ewe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Regarding kidney, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Vasa recta arise from efferent arterioles in the cortical-medullary junction of the kidney.
B. Collecting ducts of the kidney connect directly to the loop of Henle.
C. Proximal convoluted tubule epithelium is filled with PAS+ secretory vesicles.
D. Distal convoluted tubule epithelium has abundance of mitochondria in the apical cytoplasm |
|
Definition
| C. Proximal convoluted tubule epithelium is filled with PAS+ secretory vesicles. |
|
|
Term
Regarding proximal convoluted tubules, which of the following is TRUE?
A. contain numerous mitochondria in the apical cytoplasm
B. continue into the medulla for a short distance
C. have a short microvillus border
D. have more cross-sectional numbers than do the distal convoluted tubules |
|
Definition
| D. have more cross-sectional numbers than do the distal convoluted tubules |
|
|
Term
Regarding the thin limb of Henle, which of the following is TRUE?
A. they are found only in the kidney medulla
B. they are found only in the juxtamedullary region in birds
C. they have a thin microvillus border at their lumen
D. its epithelium is cuboidal
E. it contains prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
| A. they are found only in the kidney medulla |
|
|
Term
Regarding distal convoluted tubule(s), which of the following is TRUE?
A. have a PAS positive brush border
B. continue into the medulla for a short distance
C. have numerous mitochondria along the basal border
D. have numerous lysosomal granules
E. are found only in the juxtamedulary region |
|
Definition
| C. have numerous mitochondria along the basal border |
|
|
Term
Regarding collecting ducts, which of the following is TRUE?
A. contain squamous epithelia
B. merge to form very large ducts
C. continue into the medulla as low cuboidal ducts
D. are associated with juxtaglomerular cells
E. help to form the Macula Densa |
|
Definition
| B. merge to form very large ducts |
|
|
Term
Which of the following regarding urinary system is TRUE?
A. Cats are special, in that they may have fewer layers of muscularis externa in their ureters
than most species.
B. Thin segments of the loop of Henle would be expected in bird kidneys.
C. Most sugar reabsorption occurs in the distal convoluted tubule?
D. Distal convoluted tubule epithelium contains microvilli, pinocytotic vesicles and numerous
lysosomes. |
|
Definition
A. Cats are special, in that they may have fewer layers of muscularis externa in their ureters
than most species. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is FALSE regarding urinary system?
A. Most sugar reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule?
B. JG cells of the kidney are involved in maintaining normal blood volume and pressure.
C. The renal papilla contains collecting ducts, blood capillaries, and thin nephron loops.
D. Vasa recta arise from venules of the interlobular vessels in the cortical-medullary junction of
the kidney.
E. Mesangial cells work around podocytes to repair damage in their pedicles. |
|
Definition
D. Vasa recta arise from venules of the interlobular vessels in the cortical-medullary junction of
the kidney. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is FALSE regarding urinary system?
A. The renal pelvis is epithelium is similar to that of the ureter.
B. Peritubular capillaries drain the reabsorbed water and ions of the collecting ducts.
C. Basal lamina of the glomerulus is thick and derives its components from both endothelium
and podocytes.
D. Proximal convoluted tubule epithelium contains microvilli, pinocytotic vesicles and
numerous lysosomes.
E. Transitional epithelium accommodates tremendous amounts of stretch by storing extra
plasma membrane in its apical cytoplasm. |
|
Definition
| B. Peritubular capillaries drain the reabsorbed water and ions of the collecting ducts. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is FALSE regarding urinary system?
A. Peritubular capillaries drain the reabsorbed water and ions of the collecting ducts.
B. Vasa recta arise from arterioles in the cortical-medullary junction of the kidney.
C. Mesangial cells repair damage to the JG cells of the afferent arteriole.
D. Juxtaglomerular apparatus is often recognized histologically by the macula densa cells.
E. Collecting ducts of the kidney are found in medullary rays of the cortex and throughout the
medulla. |
|
Definition
| A. Peritubular capillaries drain the reabsorbed water and ions of the collecting ducts. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is TRUE regarding urinary system?
A. Distal straight kidney tubules contain numerous microvilli.
B. Collecting ducts are differentiated from DCT by the large basal mitochondria.
C. Nephron loops of the high cortical nephrons extend deep into the medulla.
D. A brush border is prominent in the proximal convoluted tubule.
E. Capillary endothelium in the renal glomeruli has very tight junctions. |
|
Definition
| D. A brush border is prominent in the proximal convoluted tubule. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is FALSE regarding urinary system?
A. Collecting ducts are differentiated from DCT by the large nuclei and distinct intercellular
boundaries.
B. Purpose of the collecting ducts is to conserve water under hormonal control as the tubules
pass through the hypertonic renal medulla.
C. The macula densa in association with juxtaglomerular cells help to regulate the blood
pressure.
D. Blood sinuses are common in the urethra.
E. Juxtaglomerular cells are modified endothelial cells that secrete angiotensin granules. |
|
Definition
| E. Juxtaglomerular cells are modified endothelial cells that secrete angiotensin granules. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is FALSE regarding urinary system?
A. A brush border is prominent in the distal convoluted tubule.
B. Capillary endothelium in the renal glomeruli is fenestrated.
C. Mesangial cells look and behave more like macrophages than like epithelial cells.
D. The thin descending nephron limb is lined by a squamous epithelium that is permeable to
water.
E. The glomerular ultrafiltrate passes through the following: podocyte slits to proximal
convoluted tubule to thin limb of Henle to distal convoluted tubule to collecting duct. |
|
Definition
| A. A brush border is prominent in the distal convoluted tubule. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is FALSE regarding urinary system?
A. Juxtaglomerular cells are modified smooth muscle cells that secrete renin granules.
B. Distal convoluted tubule epithelia cells contain very few apical lysosomal granules. C. Proximal convoluted tubules of the cat are unique in that they are filled with lysosomes.
C. RBCs follows a certain path in the kidney, in the following order: interlobular artery, afferent
arteriole, glomerular capillaries, efferent arteriole, pertubular capillaries, interlobular vein.
D. Most amino acid reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule?
|
|
Definition
| C. Proximal convoluted tubules of the cat are unique in that they are filled with lysosomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functions to allow gas exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most anterior (cranial) part of the nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| congregation of multiple veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized epithelial tissue inside the nasal cavity that is involved in smell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long, narrow and curled bone shelf (shaped like an elongated sea-shell) which protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose |
|
|
Term
| olfactory cell (olfactory receptor neuron) |
|
Definition
| primary transduction cell in the olfactory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of neuron which has two extensions |
|
|
Term
| sustentacular cell (sertoli cell) |
|
Definition
| 'nurse' cell of the testes which is part of a seminiferous tubule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of cell in the innermost layer of the epidermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of epithelium found lining the respiratory tract, where it serves to moisten and protect the airways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an auxiliary olfactory sense organ that is found in many animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any of the major air passages of the lungs that diverge from the windpipe |
|
|
Term
| flehmen reaction (response) |
|
Definition
| particular type of curling of the upper lip in ungulates, felids, and many other mammals, which facilitates the transfer of pheromones and other scents into the vomeronasal organ, also called the Jacobson's Organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| air-filled spaces, communicating with the nasal cavity, within the bones of the skull and face |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blind tube leading from a cavity or passage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upper part of the pharynx, connecting with the nasal cavity above the soft palate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fleshy, flexible part toward the back of the roof of the mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mass of lymphoid tissue situated at the very back of the nose, in the roof of the nasopharynx, where the nose blends into the mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| folds of membranous tissue that project inward from the sides of the larynx to form a slit across the glottis in the throat, and whose edges vibrate in the airstream to produce the voice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe |
|
|
Term
| pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (pseudostratified epithelium) |
|
Definition
| type of epithelium that, though comprising only a single layer of cells, has its cell nuclei positioned in a manner suggestive of stratified epithelia |
|
|
Term
| immotile cilia syndrome (primary ciliar dyskinesia) |
|
Definition
| rare, ciliopathic, autosomal recessive genetic disorder which causes a defect in the action of the cilia lining the respiratory tract (lower and upper, sinuses, Eustachian tube, middle ear) and fallopian tube |
|
|
Term
| mononuclear phagocyte system (reticuloendothelial system) |
|
Definition
| part of the immune system, consists of the phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue, primarily monocytes and macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in several different parts of the body, typically stain lighter than serous glands during standard histological preparation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that receive neuronal input (neurotransmitters released by nerve cells) and, as a consequence of this input, release message molecules (hormones) to the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antibody playing a critical role in mucosal immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| translucent bluish-white type of cartilage present in the joints, the respiratory tract, and the immature skeleton |
|
|
Term
Within the respiratory system, cartilage is found where?
A. trachea
B. bronchus
C. larynx
D. bronchiole
E. A, B and C are correct |
|
Definition
| E. A, B and C are correct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acidophilic white blood cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell filled with basophil granules, found in numbers in connective tissue and releasing histamine and other substances during inflammatory and allergic reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any of the minute branches into which a bronchus divide |
|
|
Term
| bronchiolar (respiratory) epithelium |
|
Definition
| type of epithelium found lining the respiratory tract, where it serves to moisten and protect the airways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-mucous and non-ciliated secretory cells found in the primary bronchioles of the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of cell in the mucosa of the gut wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beginning of the respiratory segment of the airway and are just distal to the terminal bronchioles (which are the last segment of the conducting airway) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tiny end ducts of the branching airways that fill the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small cavity, pit, or hollow |
|
|
Term
| blood-air (alveolar-capillary) barrier |
|
Definition
| exists in the gas exchanging region of the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue that forms a single layer of cells lining various organs and cavities of the body, esp. the blood vessels, heart, and lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretory organelles found in type II pneumocytes and in keratinocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance that tends to reduce the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved |
|
|
Term
| alveolar macrophages (dust cell) |
|
Definition
| type of macrophage found in the pulmonary alveolus, near the pneumocytes, but separated from the wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower larynx or voice organ in birds, situated at or near the junction of the trachea and bronchi and well developed in songbirds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lung compartment containing air; an alveolus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| millions of tiny passages connected at either ends by the dorsobronchi and ventrobronchi |
|
|
Term
Stereocilia (long branched microvilli) are found in which of the following?
A. oviduct
B. uterus
C. efferent ductules
D. epididymis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where is cartilage found?
A. Bronchus
B. Bronchiole
C. Esophagus
D. Gallbladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Regarding cilia, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Cilia are an essential component of the pancreatic duct.
B. Cilia are an essential component of the bronchus.
C. Cilia are an essential component of the salivary gland.
D. Cilia are an essential component of the gallbladder. |
|
Definition
| B. Cilia are an essential component of the bronchus. |
|
|
Term
In what way, histologically, is the avian respiratory system similar to mammalian respiratory
system?
A. avian parabronchus is similar to mammalian trachea
B. avian air sacs are similar to the mammalian pleural cavity
C. avian bronchus is similar to mammalian bronchus
D. avian air capillaries are similar to mammalian alveoli |
|
Definition
| D. avian air capillaries are similar to mammalian alveoli |
|
|
Term
Regarding cilia, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. Motile cilia are found in the tracheal epithelium.
B. Motile cilia are found in the vomeronasal organ epithelium.
C. Motile cilia are found in the pharyngeal tonsil epithelium.
D. Motile cilia are found in the olfactory epithelium.
E. Motile cilia are found in the bronchus epithelium. |
|
Definition
| D. Motile cilia are found in the olfactory epithelium. |
|
|
Term
Regarding glands, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. Submucosal glands are present in larynx.
B. Submucosal glands are present in trachea.
C. Submucosal glands are present in bronchus.
D. Submucosal glands are present in nasal cavity.
E. Submucosal glands are present in respiratory bronchioles. |
|
Definition
| E. Submucosal glands are present in respiratory bronchioles. |
|
|
Term
Regarding olfactory epithelium, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. The olfactory epithelium contains bipolar neurons.
B. The olfactory epithelium contains nonmotile ciliated cells.
C. The olfactory epithelial turns over approximately every 50 days.
D. The olfactory epithelium contains support cells.
E. The olfactory epithelium contains occasional mucous goblet cells. |
|
Definition
| E. The olfactory epithelium contains occasional mucous goblet cells. |
|
|
Term
One can find cartilage in which of the following?
A. epiglottis
B. trachea
C. nasal cavity
D. bronchus
E. All of the above are correct |
|
Definition
| E. All of the above are correct |
|
|
Term
Regarding blood-air-barrier, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. Blood-air-barrier includes a squamous cell
B. Blood-air-barrier includes a basal lamina
C. Blood-air-barrier includes an endothelial cell
D. Blood-air-barrier includes the alveolar Type II pneumocyte |
|
Definition
| D. Blood-air-barrier includes the alveolar Type II pneumocyte |
|
|
Term
I am a squamous cell with keratinization; if you sit on my surface you can see hairs but also
regions containing long non-motile cilia; I can feel a cool breeze. Where am I located?
A. Paranasal sinus
B. Larynx
C. Rostral region of horse nasal cavity
D. Caudal region of horse nasal cavity
E. Nasopharynx |
|
Definition
| C. Rostral region of horse nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
Regarding gas exchange, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. Gas exchange can occur in the alveolus.
B. Gas exchange can occur in the respiratory bronchiole.
C. Gas exchange can occur in the bronchus.
D. Gas exchange can occur in the alveolar duct. |
|
Definition
| C. Gas exchange can occur in the bronchus. |
|
|
Term
Regarding gas exchange, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Gas exchange can occur in the trachea
B. Gas exchange can occur in the bronchus
C. Gas exchange can occur in the primary bronchiole
D. Gas exchange can occur in the alveolus |
|
Definition
| D. Gas exchange can occur in the alveolus |
|
|
Term
I am not a squamous cell; my cytoplasm is filled with lamellar bodies that are extracted
during processing for histology; I can divide and replace another important cell; and I
synthesize and release phospholipids important to respiratory sufficiency during
expiration. What cell am I?
A. Type I alveolar cell
B. Type II alveolar cell
C. Alveolar macrophage
D. Bronchiolar cell
E. Smooth muscle cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What cell is essential for preventing collapse of the alveolus?
A. Alveolar macrophage
B. Smooth muscle cell
C. Type I alveolar cell
D. Type II alveolar cell
E. Bronchiolar cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Of the following, which would be considered a region where smooth muscle most likely
plays the most important role in the physiology of air movement in the lung?
A. larynx
B. trachea
C. bronchioles
D. alveoli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The relaxation and contraction of smooth muscle within the respiratory system is an
important contribution to the physiology of air movement. Based upon the relative ratio of
smooth muscle amounts to other tissues in the submucosa of the respiratory system,
where would the greatest effect of smooth muscle action be realized?
A. nasopharynx and larynx
B. trachea and bronchi
C. bronchi and bronchioles
D. alveolar ducts through alveoli |
|
Definition
| C. bronchi and bronchioles |
|
|
Term
As air travels from the nostrils into the trachea and on through the respiratory tract, finally
reaching the alveolus, several important changes take place in the mucosa to insure
successful respiratory function. Regarding these changes, which of these statements is
FALSE?
A. Goblet cells are decreased in the bronchus, because there is a danger of producing too
much mucus further in the lung.
B. Smooth muscle is quite extensive in the wall of the bronchus, because inspiration and
expiration of air requires tremendous flexibility and contraction.
C. The bronchus submucosal glands secrete serum proteins, water and immunoglobulins,
because of the tremendous exposure to antigens and foreign particulates.
D. From the 3° bronchus to the respiratory bronchioles there is an increase in ciliated cells,
because there is a special need to move macrophages from the alveoli into the bronchus. |
|
Definition
D. From the 3° bronchus to the respiratory bronchioles there is an increase in ciliated cells,
because there is a special need to move macrophages from the alveoli into the bronchus. |
|
|
Term
Olfactory reception is essential in many domestic and feral animals for reproductive
behavior, identification of food, etc. Where within the respiratory system is olfactory
epithelium found?
A. paranasal sinus
B. guttural pouch
C. vomeronasal organ
D. nasal vestibule
E. nasopharynx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Olfactory reception is essential in many domestic and feral animals for reproductive
behavior, identification of food, etc. Where within the respiratory system is olfactory
epithelium found?
A. dorsal turbinates
B. guttural pouch
C. nasal vestibule
D. larynx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
"I am a small cell with large nucleus; I have an apical cytoplasm that secretes a serous
mixture by merocrine secretion, which contains proteolytic enzymes. My function is to
prevent mucous from clogging the small airways." Which cell does this statement
describe?
A. sustentacular cell
B. bronchiolar cell
C. type II alveolar cell
D. alveolar macrophage
E. goblet mucous cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In which structure does respiration takes place within the avian lung?
A. bronchus
B. air sac
C. parabronchus
D. air capillary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Regarding the respiratory system, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Cartilage plates surround the bronchiole mucosa.
B. Ciliated cells are numerous in the trachea.
C. A pseudostratified epithelium lines most bronchioles.
D. The respiratory bronchiole has submucosal glands |
|
Definition
| B. Ciliated cells are numerous in the trachea. |
|
|
Term
Which cartilage surrounds the opening to the trachea?
A. thyroid cartilage
B. arytenoid cartilage
C. cricoid cartilage
D. hyoid cartilage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which epithelium is lined by pseudostratified columnar cells with cilia, basal cells, and
mucous cells?
A. Olfactory
B. Respiratory
C. Bronchiolar
D. Alveolar
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
As air travels from the nostrils into the trachea and on through the respiratory tract, finally
reaching the alveolus, several important changes take place in the mucosa to insure
successful respiratory function. Regarding these changes, which of these statements is
TRUE?
A. From trachea through primary bronchiole there is an increase in the number of cilated
cells
B. From trachea through primary bronchiole there is an increase in the submucosal glands
C. From trachea through 3° bronchus there is an increase cartilage
D. From trachea through 3° bronchus there is an increase the proportion of smooth muscle
E. From trachea through 3° bronchus there is an increase goblet cells |
|
Definition
| D. From trachea through 3° bronchus there is an increase the proportion of smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
As air travels from the nostrils into the trachea and on through the respiratory tract, finally
reaching the alveolus, several important changes take place in the mucosa to insure
successful respiratory function. Regarding these changes, which of these statements is
TRUE?
A. The number of goblet cells increases in the bronchus, because there is an increased
need for immunoglobulins IgA and IgM.
B. Epithelial height increases in the bronchus, because there is an increased variability in
expansion due to the increased amount of smooth muscle.
C. From trachea through bronchioles, the bronchiolar cell replaces the goblet cells because
there is a need to loosen or breakdown mucus so that it will not wash into the alveoli.
D. Elastic cartilage replaces hyaline cartilage in the bronchus, because there is much
greater expansion of the diameter in this region during inspiration and expiration. |
|
Definition
C. From trachea through bronchioles, the bronchiolar cell replaces the goblet cells because
there is a need to loosen or breakdown mucus so that it will not wash into the alveoli. |
|
|
Term
The olfactory epithelium DOES NOT contain which of the following?
A. bipolar neuron
B. mucous cells
C. supportive cells
D. basal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If the beat of cilia is inhibited in the respiratory system, this will quickly cause the normal
function of which cell type to be overloaded?
A. brush cell
B. mucous cell
C. sustentacular cell
D. bronchiolar cell
E. Type II alveolar cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
As air travels from the nostrils into the trachea and on through the respiratory tract, finally
reaching the alveolus, several important changes take place in the mucosa to insure
successful respiratory function. Regarding these changes, which of these statements is
TRUE?
A. The submucosal glands of bronchus can be quite extensive, because there is an
increased need for secretions of immunoglobulins IgA and IgM.
B. Epithelial height increases in the bronchus, because there is an increased variability in
expansion due to the increased amount of smooth muscle.
C. From bronchus through bronchioles, the goblet cells increase in number to trap bacteria.
D. Elastic cartilage replaces hyaline cartilage in the bronchus, because there is much
greater expansion of the diameter in this region during inspiration and expiration. |
|
Definition
A. The submucosal glands of bronchus can be quite extensive, because there is an
increased need for secretions of immunoglobulins IgA and IgM. |
|
|
Term
Regarding the respiratory system, which of the following is FALSE?
A. Without the bronchiolar cell, terminal bronchioles would become clogged with mucous
and bronchitis would be prevalent.
B. A tracheal wash (flushing physiological saline into and out of the tracheA. could contain
ciliated cells.
C. Cilia can be found in the alveolar duct.
D. Initial gas exchange may take place in the respiratory bronchiole.
E. Submucosal glands are not found in the terminal bronchioles. |
|
Definition
| C. Cilia can be found in the alveolar duct. |
|
|
Term
Regarding the respiratory system, which of the following is TRUE?
A. Goblet cells are abundant in the epithelium of the vomeronasal organ.
B. Skeletal muscle is found in the trachea.
C. Gas exchange begins in the carina region of the lung.
D. The number of goblet cells in the epithelium is similar in paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx
and trachea.
E. The smooth muscle layer is what causes the folding of the bronchiolar mucosa. |
|
Definition
| E. The smooth muscle layer is what causes the folding of the bronchiolar mucosa. |
|
|
Term
Regarding the respiratory system, which of the following is TRUE?
A. Goblet cells are found in the respiratory bronchiole.
B. There would be no function for cilia in the bronchioles.
C. The “Flehmen (sexual) reaction” is caused by sampling air in the nasopharynx.
D. Tracheal collapse could be caused by weakening of the cartilage rings.
E. Ciliated epithelial cells of the trachea have heterochromatic nuclei |
|
Definition
| D. Tracheal collapse could be caused by weakening of the cartilage rings. |
|
|
Term
Regarding the respiratory system, which of the following is FALSE?
A. Kartagener’s disease is associated with an inability of the ciliated cells of trachea to
function normally.
B. Respiratory epithelium may contain eosinophils.
C. Respiratory epithelium may contain lymphocytes.
D. Glycolipoproteins are associated with the mucus secretions of the respiratory goblet cells.
E. Trapping bacteria, particulate matter and toxic fumes are important functions in the dorsal
region of the nasal cavity. |
|
Definition
E. Trapping bacteria, particulate matter and toxic fumes are important functions in the dorsal
region of the nasal cavity. |
|
|
Term
Regarding the respiratory system, which of the following is FALSE?
A. Vomeronasal organ contains both respiratory and olfactory epithelia.
B. The cricoid cartilage is important for the function of the vocal cords.
C. Thyroid cartilage is surrounds the cranial tracheal opening and is the first tracheal ring.
D. Elastic cartilage is associated with the epiglottis.
E. A gaseous anesthesia in its normal route of entry must pass through a squamous
epithelium before it enters the blood?
|
|
Definition
| C. Thyroid cartilage is surrounds the cranial tracheal opening and is the first tracheal ring. |
|
|
Term
Regarding the respiratory system, which of the following is TRUE?
A. When giving a gaseous anesthesia, the gas in its normal route of entry must pass
through a basal lamina before it enters the blood?
B. When giving a gaseous anesthesia, the gas in its normal route of entry must pass
through type I collagen in the basement membrane before it enters the blood?
C. If you were to bend the epiglottis during intubation of the trachea, this would be a problem
because the hyaline cartilage of the epiglottis could cause the structure to be kinked.
D. The bronchus may have stratified squamous epithelium.
E. Nasopharynx contains a tonsil with stratified squamous epithelium.
|
|
Definition
A. When giving a gaseous anesthesia, the gas in its normal route of entry must pass
through a basal lamina before it enters the blood? |
|
|
Term
Regarding the respiratory system, which of the following is FALSE?
A. An abundance of goblet cells is found in the trachea.
B. Cuboidal cells with motile cilia are found along the alveolar ducts.
C. Nasopharynx contains a tonsil with respiratory epithelium.
D. Bronchus contains an abundance of hyaline cartilage.
E. Submucosa of olfactory turbinates is filled with large bundles of nerve axons |
|
Definition
| B. Cuboidal cells with motile cilia are found along the alveolar ducts. |
|
|
Term
Regarding the respiratory system, which of the following is FALSE?
A. Squamous cells are the most abundant cell type within the alveolus.
B. Bronchiolar cells secrete proteolytic and mucolytic enzymes.
C. Respiratory epithelium is noted for its kinetic ciliated cells.
D. Stratified squamous epithelium is found in the primary bronchus but not the tertiary.
E. Alveolar epithelium contains cells that secrete phospholipid substances. |
|
Definition
| D. Stratified squamous epithelium is found in the primary bronchus but not the tertiary. |
|
|
Term
Regarding the respiratory system, which of the following is FALSE?
A. Goblet cells produce the mucus that layers the respiratory epithelium.
B. The rare brush cell has free nerve endings touching it.
C. Ciliated cells are responsible for moving the fluid that causes us to swallow.
D. Olfactory epithelium contains ciliated neurons.
E. Connective tissue plasma cells secrete proteolytic and mucolytic enzymes |
|
Definition
| E. Connective tissue plasma cells secrete proteolytic and mucolytic enzymes |
|
|
Term
Trace a MOLECULE OF OXYGEN from outside the nose through the nasal cavity through
the path of normal breathing into the nasal cavity and on into the lung until you reach the
alveolus. List all EPITHELIAL cell types that the molecule would SEE on its’ journey.
A. Stratified squamous, olfactory sustentacular, olfactory neuron, respiratory ciliated, goblet
mucous, bronchiolar, Type I alveolar, Type II alveolar.
B. Stratified squamous, respiratory ciliated, goblet mucous, brush, bronchiolar, Type I
alveolar, Type II alveolar.
C. Stratified squamous, olfactory sustentacular, olfactory neuron, respiratory ciliated, goblet
mucous, bronchiolar, Type I alveolar.
D. Stratified squamous, respiratory ciliated, goblet mucous, bronchiolar, Type I alveolar,
alveolar macrophage. |
|
Definition
A. Stratified squamous, olfactory sustentacular, olfactory neuron, respiratory ciliated, goblet
mucous, bronchiolar, Type I alveolar, Type II alveolar. |
|
|
Term
Trace a MOLECULE OF OXYGEN from outside the nose through the nasal cavity through
the path of normal breathing into the nasal cavity and on into the lung until you reach the
alveolus. Regarding SECRETIONS, which of these would the molecule NOT SEE?
A. Glucagon
B. Mucous
C. IgA
D. Mucolytic enzymes
E. Surfactant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Trace a MOLECULE OF OXYGEN from outside the nose through the nasal cavity through
the path of normal breathing into the nasal cavity and on into the lung until you reach the
alveolus. Regarding SECRETIONS, which of these would the molecule NOT SEE?
A. Sialoglycoprotein
B. IgM
C. Bacteriostat
D. Pepsin
E. Phospholipid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Regarding the consequences of ciliary inhibition in the respiratory tract, which of the
following is a FALSE statement?
A. Ciliary inhibition would lead to increased accumulation of mucous in the bronchi.
B. Ciliary inhibition could result in lung infections.
C. Ciliary inhibition would result in an increase in diameter of the bronchi.
D. Ciliary inhibition would result in chronic coughing.
E. Ciliary inhibition could be the result of a mutation in the ciliary axonemal complex. |
|
Definition
| C. Ciliary inhibition would result in an increase in diameter of the bronchi. |
|
|
Term
What is unique about the bronchial glands?
A. They secrete a heavy mucous to trap bacteria.
B. Secreted fluid contains serum proteins, secretory IgA, IgM, and a bacteriostatic agent.
C. They are stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
D. Secreted fluid contains dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine.
E. They are lined by striated ductal epithelium similar to the salivary glands.
|
|
Definition
| B. Secreted fluid contains serum proteins, secretory IgA, IgM, and a bacteriostatic agent. |
|
|
Term
Discuss the structure and function of muscle within the respiratory tract. Which of the
following statements is TRUE?
A. Skeletal muscle can be found down to the primary bronchus.
B. Smooth muscle contraction at the bronchiole is a protective measure, but can contribute
to clinical symptoms by excessive contraction.
C. Trachealis muscle failure is the primary cause of tracheal collapse in dogs.
D. Smooth muscle in the alveolar ducts is responsible for keeping alveoli open during
expiration of air.
E. Smooth muscle of the vocal cords can proliferate excessively causing swelling and
closure of the tracheal opening. |
|
Definition
D. Smooth muscle in the alveolar ducts is responsible for keeping alveoli open during
expiration of air. |
|
|
Term
Regarding patency (being open) of the alveolus, which of the following is FALSE?
A. Smooth muscle in the alveolar ducts is responsible for keeping alveoli open during
expiration of air.
B. Chemical disruption of the Type II alveolar cells could lead to collapse of the alveoli.
C. In premature births, alveoli are often not open due to the immaturity of the cells that
secrete sufactant.
D. Type II alveolar cells secrete phospholipids.
E. The squamous Type I alveolar cells do not contribute to the patency of alveoli. |
|
Definition
| E. The squamous Type I alveolar cells do not contribute to the patency of alveoli. |
|
|
Term
| endocrine organ (endocrinology) |
|
Definition
| branch of medicine dealing with disorder of the endocrine system and its specific secretions called hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glands that secrete their product directly onto a surface rather than through a duct |
|
|
Term
| hypophysis cerebri (pituitary gland) |
|
Definition
| endocrine gland about the size of a pea |
|
|
Term
| adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) |
|
Definition
| the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system |
|
|
Term
| pars distalis (anterior pituitary) |
|
Definition
| anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and wraps the pituitary stalk in a highly vascularized sheath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary gland), which stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin produced in the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| pars nervosa (posterior pituitary) |
|
Definition
| posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hollow stalk that connects the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| infundibular (pituitary) stalk |
|
Definition
| connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the inferior boundary for the hypothalamus part of the human brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| histological structures which do not take up colored dye readily, and thus appear more relatively pale under the microscope -- hence their "fear" ("phobia") of "color" ("chrome") |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membranous sac containing yolk attached to the embryos of reptiles and birds and the larvae of some fishes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells in the anterior pituitary which produce growth hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells in the anterior pituitary which produce prolactin in response to signals including dopamine and estrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basophilic white blood cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells in the anterior pituitary which produce thyroid stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basophilic cells in the anterior pituitary which produce the gonadotropins follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells in the anterior pituitary which produce adrenocorticotrophic hormone and melanocyte stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
| melanotrope (melanotroph) |
|
Definition
| cell in the pituitary gland which generates melanocyte-stimulating hormone from its precursor Proopiomelanocortin. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| glial cell of the posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structures found in the posterior pituitary |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| situated above the optic chiasma |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| situated next to a ventricle of the brain |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| carrier proteins for the hormones generated in the hypothalamus and distributed from the posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| epiphysis cerebri (pineal gland) |
|
Definition
| small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| main cells of the pineal gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| star-shaped glial cell of the central nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| calcified structures in the pineal gland and other areas of the brain such as the choroid plexus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large ductless gland in the neck that secretes hormones regulating growth and development through the rate of metabolism |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| homogeneous, noncrystalline substance consisting of large molecules or ultramicroscopic particles of one substance dispersed through a second substance |
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Term
|
Definition
| cells in the thyroid which produce and secrete calcitonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein present in the thyroid gland, from which thyroid hormones are synthesized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone secreted by the thyroid that has the effect of lowering blood calcium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small endocrine glands in the neck that produce parathyroid hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mediates the collecting duct's influence on sodium and potassium balance via sodium channels and potassium channels located on the cell's apical membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that are completely or partially acidophilic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gland next to the thyroid that secretes a hormone ( parathyroid hormone) that regulates calcium levels in a person's body |
|
|
Term
| suprarenal (adrenal) glands |
|
Definition
| star-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys; their name indicates that position (ad-, "near" or "at" + renes, "kidneys"; and as concerns supra-, meaning "above") |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tough sheath or membrane that encloses something in the body, such as a kidney, a lens, or a synovial joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supportive tissue of an epithelial organ, tumor, gonad, etc., consisting of connective tissues and blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol respectively |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| of the adrenal gland is the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex, lying directly beneath the adrenal gland's capsule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells of the zona fasciculata sit directly beneath the zona glomerulosa and are organized in bundles (or fascicles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| corticosteroid, such as aldosterone, that is involved with maintaining the salt balance in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any of a group of corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone) that are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and have anti-inflammatory activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| male sex hormone, such as testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any of a group of steroid hormones that promote the development and maintenance of female characteristics of the body |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| organ that produces spermatozoa (male reproductive cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of somatic cell around which spermatids develop in the tubules of the testis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell containing half the number of chromosomes of a somatic cell and able to unite with one from the opposite sex to form a new individual; a gamete |
|
|
Term
| spermatogonia (spermatogonium) |
|
Definition
| cell produced at an early stage in the formation of spermatozoa, formed in the wall of a seminiferous tubule and giving rise by mitosis to spermatocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single cell or cytoplasmic mass containing several nuclei, formed by fusion of cells or by division of nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell produced at the second stage in the formation of spermatozoa, formed from a spermatogonium and dividing by meiosis into spermatids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each with half the chromosome number of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mature motile male sex cell of an animal, by which the ovum is fertilized, typically having a compact head and one or more long flagella for swimming |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compound of the sterol type found in most body tissues, including the blood and the nerves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single-celled animal of a phylum distinguished by the possession of cilia or ciliary structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly convoluted duct behind the testis, along which sperm passes to the vas deferens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of cell in the innermost layer of the epidermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each of a pair of glands that open into the vas deferens near its junction with the urethra and secrete many of the components of semen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in male mammals and releasing prostatic fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| either of a pair of small glands that open into the urethra at the base of the penis and secrete a constituent of seminal fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| male genital organ of higher vertebrates, carrying the duct for the transfer of sperm during copulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mass of erectile tissue alongside the corpora cavernosa of the penis and terminating in the glans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone in the penis of carnivores and some other mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fold of skin surrounding the clitoris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| female reproductive organ in which ova or eggs are produced, present in humans and other vertebrates as a pair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| production or development of an ovum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scar on a seed marking the point of attachment to its seed vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick transparent membrane surrounding a mammalian ovum before implantation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell in an ovary that may undergo meiotic division to form an ovum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid-filled structure in the mammalian ovary within which an ovum develops before ovulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discharge ova or ovules from the ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone-secreting structure that develops in an ovary after an ovum has been discharged but degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy has begun |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shrinkage of an organ in old age or when inactive, e.g., of the uterus after childbirth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tube through which an ovum or egg passes from an ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| funnel-shaped cavity or structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cavity, or the dilated end of a duct, shaped like a Roman ampulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrow organ, passage, or piece of tissue connecting two larger parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organ in the lower body of a woman or female mammal where offspring are conceived and in which they gestate before birth; the womb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mucous membrane lining the uterus, which thickens during the menstrual cycle in preparation for possible implantation of an embryo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscle tissue of the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue of a serous membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recurring period of sexual receptivity and fertility in many female mammals; heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change or become changed into a form containing keratin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscular tube leading from the external genitals to the cervix of the uterus in women and most female mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| milk-producing gland of women or other female mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small cavity, pit, or hollow, in particular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| because the lungs are not in use: the fetus obtains oxygen and nutrients from the mother through the placenta and the umbilical cord |
|
|
Term
Stratified squamous epithelium is found in which of the following?
A. tunica albuginea
B. oviduct
C. cervix
D. vas deferens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Regarding corpus luteum, which of the following is TRUE?
A. secretes primarily estrogen
B. secretes primarily progesterone
C. secretes leuteinizing hormone
D. secretes follicle stimulating hormone
|
|
Definition
| B. secretes primarily progesterone |
|
|
Term
. Regarding corpus luteum, which of the following is TRUE?
A. consists of small peptide secreting endocrine cells
B. regresses when another CL is formed
C. consists of thecal cells, but granulosa cells are released with the oocyte
D. secretions are required for maintenance of pregancy
|
|
Definition
D. secretions are required for maintenance of pregancy
|
|
|
Term
. Regarding uterus, which of the following is TRUE?
A. luminal epithelium is lined by ciliate columnar cells
B. during the luteal phase, the uterus enlarges primarily in the myometrium
C. glands contain ciliated and noncilated cells
D. the uterine glands extend into the myometrium
|
|
Definition
| B. during the luteal phase, the uterus enlarges primarily in the myometrium |
|
|
Term
In female reproductive tract, cyclical changes that are regulated by hormones includes which of the following:
A. uterine epithelial height
B. length of endometrial arteries
C. length of uterine glands
D. epithelial keratinization
E. all of the above
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
. Regarding testis, which of the following is TRUE?
A. Leydig cells secrete testosterone
B. Sertoli cells secrete testosterone
C. Peritubular myoid cells regulate meiosis
D. Macrophages are found resident within the seminiferous epithelium
|
|
Definition
| A. Leydig cells secrete testosterone |
|
|
Term
. For the testis, which statement is TRUE?
A. Primary spermatocytes are found on the basement membrane
B. Spermatogonia are numerous in all stages of spermatogenesis
C. Spermatids are found in all the seminiferous tubules
D. Rete testis contains Leydig cells in the pig and the dog
|
|
Definition
| B. Spermatogonia are numerous in all stages of spermatogenesis |
|
|
Term
For the testis, which statement is TRUE?
A. Tunica albuginea is avascular
B. Interstitial space contains blood and lymphatic vessels
C. Dog testes have very little connective tissue
D. Rat testes have an abundance of connective tissue
|
|
Definition
| B. Interstitial space contains blood and lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
For the testis, which statement is FALSE?
A. Dog testes have enough connective tissue to permit cutting with a knife
B. If several tubule cross sections (close together) are atrophic, it is likely they are the same
tubule
C. Sertoli cells reside on the basal lamina, but their cytoplasm does not reach the lumen
D. The blood-testis barrier is formed by adjacent Sertoli cells
|
|
Definition
| C. Sertoli cells reside on the basal lamina, but their cytoplasm does not reach the lumen |
|
|
Term
Regarding Sertoli cells, which statement is TRUE?
A. Sertoli cells participate in the regulation of differentiation in all germ cells
B. Sertoli cell forms a blood-testis barrier by forming tight junctions with other Sertoli cells
C. Sertoli cell cytoplasm moves the elongate spermatids up and down the epithelium
D. Sertoli cell nucleus is euchromatic
E. All the above are correct
|
|
Definition
E. All the above are correct
|
|
|
Term
Regarding spermatogenesis, which statement is FALSE?
A. Spermatogonia are 4n and undergo two mitotic divisions to form preletotene spermatocytes
B. Spermatocytes are found in every cross section of every seminiferous tubules in the testis
C. Nuclear chromatin condensation occurs only in the 1n spermatid cells
D. Within the seminiferous epithelium, the acrosome stains PAS+
E. All the above are FALSE |
|
Definition
| A. Spermatogonia are 4n and undergo two mitotic divisions to form preletotene spermatocytes |
|
|
Term
Regarding spermatogenesis, which statement is TRUE?
A. The acrosome develops over the spermatid centriole
B. Round spermatids are found in every cross section of every seminiferous tubules in the
testis
C. Leydig cells are recognized primarily by their large nucleolus
D. The number of Sertoli cells in the testis determines the number of sperm produced each
day
E. All the above are TRUE
|
|
Definition
D. The number of Sertoli cells in the testis determines the number of sperm produced each
day |
|
|
Term
Regarding efferent ductules, which statement is TRUE?
A. the rete merges into a single large efferent ductule
B. the efferent ductule epithelium contains motile cilia
C. the efferent ductule function is primarily secretion of proteins for sperm maturation
D. efferent ductules in large mammals is found partially under the tunica albuginea |
|
Definition
| B. the efferent ductule epithelium contains motile cilia |
|
|
Term
Regarding the male reproductive tract, which statement is TRUE?
A. the rete contains ciliated and noncilated cells
B. the dog efferent ductules begin as a single tubule and then branch into multiple ductules
C. the efferent ductule function primarily to reabsorb luminal fluids
D. luminal sperm are very dilute until they reach the cauda epididymis
|
|
Definition
| C. the efferent ductule function primarily to reabsorb luminal fluids |
|
|
Term
. Regarding the male reproductive tract, which statement is TRUE?
A. the epididymis is one long coiled tube
B. epididymis is lined by pseudostratified epithelium
C. the epididymal epithelium has long branched microvilli
D. the muscularis externa increases from epididymal head to the cauda epididymis
E. all of the above are TRUE
|
|
Definition
E. all of the above are TRUE
|
|
|
Term
Regarding the male reproductive tract, which statement is TRUE?
A. the epididymis epithelium contains motile cilia
B. the cauda epididymis is lined by stratified squamous epithelium
C. the rete testis mucosa contains lymphatic nodules
D. caput epididymal sperm are capable of fertilization
E. all of the above are TRUE (pick 2) |
|
Definition
C. the rete testis mucosa contains lymphatic nodules
D. caput epididymal sperm are capable of fertilization |
|
|
Term
. Regarding the male DOG reproductive tract, which statement is TRUE?
A. seminal vesicles are absent in dogs
B. prostate is absent in dogs
C. bulbourethral glands are present in dogs
D. ampullary glans are absent in dogs
E. all of the above are TRUE
|
|
Definition
| A. seminal vesicles are absent in dogs |
|
|
Term
Regarding the male reproductive tract, select the look alike tissue?
A. seminal vesicles = salivary gland
B. prostate gland = mammary gland
C. bulbourethral gland = thyroid gland
D. epididymis = urethra
|
|
Definition
| B. prostate gland = mammary gland |
|
|
Term
The seminal vesicle and oviduct are similar in histological appearance in that they both contain a simple columnar epithelium and an elaborate, highly folded mucosa. From the following list of features you could use to differentiate these tissues, which features are in the oviduct but are not in the seminal vesicle?
A. goblet epithelial cells
B. ciliated epithelial cells
C. submucosal glands
D. smooth muscle layer
|
|
Definition
| B. ciliated epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
. The blood-testis barrier is formed by which of the following?
A. between two endothelial cells
B. between Sertoli cell and spermatogonium
C. between two Sertoli cells
D. between two spermatogonia
|
|
Definition
| C. between two Sertoli cells |
|
|
Term
. Soon after ovulation, the remaining cells of the follicle proliferate to form which of the following
structures?
A. an atretic follicle
B. an antral follicle
C. the Graafian follicle
D. a corpus albicans
E. the corpus luteum
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Regarding female reproduction, which statement is FALSE?
A. Oocytes complete meiosis after ovulation
B. The zona pellucida is a PAS+ layer similar to the basement membrane
C. Granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte are not required after ovulation
D. Fertilization occurs in the ampulla region of the oviduct in most species
|
|
Definition
| C. Granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte are not required after ovulation |
|
|
Term
Regarding spermatogenesis, which of the following is TRUE?
A. most spermatocytes are located along the basement membrane
B. most spermatids are located near the lumen
C. spermatogonia form the blood-testis-barrier
D. sperm are released within hours after meiotic division
|
|
Definition
| B. most spermatids are located near the lumen |
|
|
Term
Which of the following organelles is modified to form an acrosome of the sperm?
A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C. Golgi
D. Nucleus
E. Mitochondrion
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
At the time of ejaculation, most sperm in the ejaculate come from which of the following areas?
A. testis
B. efferent ductules
C. caput epididymis
D. cauda epididymis
E. ductus deferens
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A primordial follicle contains which of the following?
A. oocyte
B. cuboidal follicular cells
C. granulosa cells
D. an antrum
E. a zona pellucida
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
. Regarding oogenesis, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. germ cells of the ovary complete meiosis before birth
B. granulosa cells secrete a fluid forming a cavity around the oocyte
C. thecal cells secrete a fluid forming a cavity around the oocyte
D. a zona pellucida forms a barrier between the theca and granulosa cells
E. the oocyte nucleus lies next to the zona pellucida
|
|
Definition
| B. granulosa cells secrete a fluid forming a cavity around the oocyte |
|
|
Term
Leydig cells and luteinized cells in the corpus luteum are similar in which of the following?
A. both contain extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B. both are transitory structures
C. both respond to follicle stimulating hormone
D. both have basophilic cytoplasm
|
|
Definition
| A. both contain extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
Which of the following organs contain motile cilia?
A. cervix
B. epididymis
C. efferent ductules
D. ductus deferens
E. rete testis
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
. The urethra passes through which of the following structures?
A. penis
B. ductus deferens
C. prostate
D. seminal vesicle
E. A + C are correct
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
. The following statement is TRUE about the epididymis:
A. the height of the epithelium is reduced as you move from caput to corpus
B. has more than one cell type in the epithelium
C. has a prominent Golgi apparatus in the principal cells
D. consists of a single tubule
E. all of these statements are TRUE
|
|
Definition
E. all of these statements are TRUE
|
|
|
Term
34. Which of the following is TRUE about the Graafian follicle:
A. does not produce hormones
B. loses the zona pellucida
C. contains a very large space filled with fluid
D. contains a stalk of theca cells that hold the oocyte
|
|
Definition
| C. contains a very large space filled with fluid |
|
|
Term
Which cells undergo the process of luteinization following ovulation?
A. primary oocytes and endothelial cells
B. granulose and thecal cells
C. oocytes that fail to ovulate
D. adipocytes and endothelial cells
|
|
Definition
| B. granulose and thecal cells |
|
|
Term
. What follicle stage is found at the cortex outer most periphery of most ovaries?
A. Graafian follicles
B. Secondary follicles
C. Primary follicles
D. Primordial follicles
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
37. What separates the granulosa cells from the thecal cells in the mature follicle?
A. Endothelium
B. Zona pellucida
C. Peritubular myoid cells
D. Basement membrane
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Regarding the estrus cycle, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Endometrial gland hyperplasia and secretion occurs within hours after ovulation
B. Follicle secretion of estrogen stimulates the endometrium to proliferate and grow
C. Vaginal epithelium in the bitch becomes keratinized in response to progesterone
D. Regression of the corpus luteum in the cow occurs during proestrus and endometrial
proliferation
|
|
Definition
| B. Follicle secretion of estrogen stimulates the endometrium to proliferate and grow |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is FALSE regarding reproductive histology?
A. Sertoli cell has euchromatic nucleus and prominent nucleolus.
B. Spermatogonia are small cells near the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule.
C. Primordial follicle is a very large cell surrounded by flattened cells.
D. Oviduct has pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells.
E. Rete testis channels are lined by squamous epithelium.
|
|
Definition
| D. Oviduct has pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells. |
|
|
Term
Regarding the male reproductive tract, which statement is FALSE?
A. dogs do get prostate cancer after 5 years of age
B. glands are found in the ureter and urethra of horses
C. the os penis is part of the tunica adventitia connective tissue
D. seminal vesicle epithelium is highly folded with lamina propria between the folds (pick 2)
|
|
Definition
B. glands are found in the ureter and urethra of horses
C. the os penis is part of the tunica adventitia connective tissue |
|
|
Term
Human placenta is necessarily more evolved than rodent placenta
a) True
b) False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of tissue in a vertebrate embryo comprising the endoderm and the inner layer of mesoderm, and giving rise to the gut, lungs, and yolk sac |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| middle layer of an embryo in early development, between the endoderm and ectoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| innermost membrane that encloses the embryo of a mammal, bird, or reptile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outermost membrane surrounding an embryo of a reptile, bird, or mammal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fetal membrane lying below the chorion in many vertebrates, formed as an outgrowth of the embryo's gut |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relating to or denoting fused chorionic and allantoic membranes around a fetus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complicated irregular network of passages or paths in which it is difficult to find one's way; a maze |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loosely organized, mainly mesodermal embryonic tissue that develops into connective and skeletal tissues, including blood and lymph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of tissue on the outside of a mammalian blastula, supplying the embryo with nourishment and later forming the major part of the placenta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner layer of the trophoblast, interior to the syncytiotrophoblast in an embryo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multinucleated cells found in the placenta of embryos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have more than one nucleus per cell, which is the result of nuclear division not being followed by cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus, the mucous membrane of the body of the uterus undergoes important changes and is then known as the decidua |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of a tooth projecting from the gum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small circular area, in particular the ring of pigmented skin surrounding a nipple |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by high-crowned teeth and enamel which extends past the gum line |
|
|
Term
Regarding the space of Disse, which of the following is TRUE?
A. It lies between the hepatocyte and the sinusoidal endothelium
B. It lies between the bile canaliculi and the central vein
C. It is the space formed in the portal triad
D. It is the sinusoidal space of the liver |
|
Definition
| A. It lies between the hepatocyte and the sinusoidal endothelium |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not a function of the chorioallantoic placenta?
a) Source of female primordial follicles
b) Acquire nutrients from mother
c) Provide structural support for fetal development
d) A source of progesterone and estrogen |
|
Definition
| a) Source of female primordial follicles |
|
|
Term
The trophoblast of the blastocyst is destined to become:
a) Inner cell mass
b) Endoderm
c) Placenta
d) Amnion
e) Endometrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The following is not an extra embryonic membrane
a) Amnion
b) Allantois
c) Yolk sac
d) Chorion
e) Decidual cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The yolk sac is formed from
a) Endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm
b) Ectoderm and splanchnic mesoderm
c) Ectoderm and somatic mesoderm
d) Endoderm and somatic mesoderm
e) None of the above |
|
Definition
| a) Endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm |
|
|
Term
The following is NOT a function of the yolk sac?
a) Carries nutrients from yolk into embryo
b) Prevents adhesion of embryo to surrounding membranes
c) Site of hematopoiesis
d) Source of primordial germ cells that seed gonads
e) Source of ectoderm for the fetus |
|
Definition
| b) Prevents adhesion of embryo to surrounding membranes |
|
|
Term
The yolk sac persists until end of pregnancy in all domestic animal species
a) True
b) False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The amnion is formed from
a) Endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm
b) Ectoderm and splanchnic mesoderm
c) Ectoderm and somatic mesoderm
d) Endoderm and somatic mesoderm
e) None of the above |
|
Definition
| c) Ectoderm and somatic mesoderm |
|
|
Term
The following is a function of the amnion
a) Carries nutrients from amnion into embryo
b) Prevents adhesion of fetus to surrounding membranes
c) Site of hematopoiesis
d) Source of primordial germ cells that seed gonads
e) b and d |
|
Definition
| b) Prevents adhesion of fetus to surrounding membranes |
|
|
Term
All four fetal membranes have numerous blood vessels
a) True
b) False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The chorion is formed from:
a) Endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm
b) Ectoderm and splanchnic mesoderm
c) Ectoderm and somatic mesoderm
d) Endoderm and somatic mesoderm
e) None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The following is a function of the chorion
a) Carries nutrients from amnion into embryo
b) Prevents adhesion to surrounding membranes
c) Site of hematopoiesis
d) Makes contact with maternal endometrium
e) b and d |
|
Definition
d) Makes contact with maternal endometrium
e) b and d |
|
|
Term
The allantois does NOT
a) Form from endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm
b) Eventually contain umbilical circulation
c) Combine with the yolk sac to form the placenta
d) Function in gas and waste exchange |
|
Definition
| c) Combine with the yolk sac to form the placenta |
|
|
Term
The yolk sac placenta persists throughout gestation
a) True
b) False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Placentation is formation and attachment of the placenta to myometrium
a) True
b) False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Choriovitelline placentation
a) Occurs after chorioallantoic placentation
b) Is very poorly vascularized
c) Is present in dogs and no other species
d) Involves the chorion and allantoic membranes
e) Is none of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The following is NOT a criterion upon which chorioallantoic placentae are classified
a) Shape
b) Structure of maternal-fetal junction
c) Number of tissue layers involved in placental barrier
d) Degree of anchoring into maternal tissue
e) Number of omphalomesenteric arteries |
|
Definition
| e) Number of omphalomesenteric arteries |
|
|
Term
Bovine placentation can be classified as
a) Diffuse, villous, decidual, epitheliochorial
b) Cotyledonary, villous, decidual, epitheliochorial
c) Cotyledonary, villous, non-decidual, epitheliochorial
d) Zonary, villous, decidual, epitheliochorial
e) All of the above |
|
Definition
| c) Cotyledonary, villous, non-decidual, epitheliochorial |
|
|
Term
Equine placentation can be classified as
a) Diffuse, villous, decidual, epitheliochorial
b) Cotyledonary, villous, decidual, epitheliochorial
c) Cotyledonary, villous, non-decidual, epitheliochorial
d) Diffuse, villous, non-decidual, epitheliochorial
e) All of the above |
|
Definition
| d) Diffuse, villous, non-decidual, epitheliochorial |
|
|
Term
Canine placentation can be classified as:
a) Diffuse, villous, decidual, epitheliochorial
b) Cotyledonary, villous, decidual, epitheliochorial
c) Cotyledonary, villous, non-decidual, epitheliochorial
d) Zonary, villous, decidual, endotheliochorial |
|
Definition
| d) Zonary, villous, decidual, endotheliochorial |
|
|
Term
Cotyledons and caruncles are a feature of the placenta in the
a) Sow
b) Cow
c) Cat
d) Dog
e) Skunk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Binucleate trophoblasts are present in canine placentae while multinucleate trophoblasts are a feature of bovine placentae a) True b) False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hematomas are frequently seen in the placenta of
a) Mares
b) Sows
c) Dogs
d) Cats
e) c and d |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false: Ungulate placentae are usually non-deciduate.
a) True
b) False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of these papillae DOES NOT contain taste buds?
A. Fungiform
B. Foliate
C. Vallate
D. Filiform |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrow part near one end of an organ such as the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| band of epithelial tissue seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cellular aggregation seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condensation of ectomesenchymal cells called odontoblasts, seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that deposit enamel, the hard outer most layer that forms the chewing surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell in the pulp of a tooth that produces dentin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets on bones that bear teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin layer of bony material that fixes teeth to the jaw |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of specialized connective tissue fibers that essentially attach a tooth to the alveolar bone within which it sits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mineral of the apatite group that is the main inorganic constituent of tooth enamel and bone, although it is rare in rocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biological cell that forms from the follicular cells around the root of a tooth, and whose biological function is cementogenesis, which is the creation of cementum (the hard tissue that covers the root of the tooth) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hard, dense, bony tissue forming the bulk of a tooth beneath the enamel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part in the center of a tooth made up of living soft tissue and cells called odontoblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fleshy muscular organ in the mouth of a mammal, used for tasting, licking, swallowing, and (in humans) articulating speech |
|
|
Term
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
Definition
| epithelium characterised by its most superficial layer consisting of flat, scale-like cells called squamous cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small rounded protuberance on a part or organ of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having the shape of or resembling a fungus or mushroom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| denoting certain papillae near the back of the tongue, surrounded by taste receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decorated with leaves or leaflike motif |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any of the clusters of bulbous nerve endings on the tongue and in the lining of the mouth that provide the sense of taste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle tissue in which the contractile fibrils in the cells are aligned in parallel bundles, so that their different regions form stripes visible in a microscope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the alimentary canal that connects the throat to the stomach; the gullet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin tissue forming the outer layer of a body's surface and lining the alimentary canal and other hollow structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| constituent of the moist linings known as mucous membranes or mucosa, which line various tubes in the body (such as the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, and the urogenital tract) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin layer of smooth muscle found in most parts of the gastrointestinal tract, located outside the lamina propria mucosae and separating it from the submucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of areolar connective tissue lying beneath a mucous membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the mucous membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outermost layer of the wall of a blood vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change or become changed into a form containing keratin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exocrine glands that produce saliva. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| either of a pair of large salivary glands situated just in front of each ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually found in glandular epithelium as a thin layer above the basement membrane but generally beneath the lumenal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| either of a pair of salivary glands situated below the lower ja |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain serous acini, a grouping of serous cells that secrete a fluid, isotonic with blood plasma, that contains enzymes such as alpha amylase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in several different parts of the body, typically stain lighter than serous glands during standard histological preparation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cap in the shape of a half-moon (hence the name, "demilune") on some salivary glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| salivary glands in the mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of an exocrine gland leading directly from the acinus to a striated duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gland duct which connects an intercalated duct to an interlobular duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| left portion of the stomach's body, and is marked off from the remainder of the body by a plane passing horizontally through the cardiac orifice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| term used in anatomy that refers to a series of ridges produced by folding of the wall of an organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indentations in the stomach which denote entrances to the glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell which releases a precursor enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| readily stained with basic dyes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance that is secreted by the stomach wall and converted into the enzyme pepsin by gastric acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance secreted by the stomach that enables the body to absorb vitamin B 12 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxyntic (acid-secreting) cell of the stomach wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| readily stained with acid dyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells which take up silver stain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in the pyloric portion of the stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| of the stomach secrete primarily mucus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slimy substance, typically not miscible with water, secreted by mucous membranes and glands for lubrication, protection, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pouch in a bird's gullet where food is stored or prepared for digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blind tube leading from a cavity or passage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretion from the lining of the crop of pigeons and doves with which the parents feed their young by regurgitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscular, thick-walled part of a bird's stomach for grinding food, typically with grit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common cavity at the end of the digestive tract for the release of both excretory and genital products in vertebrates (except most mammals) and certain invertebrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glandular sac opening into the cloaca of a bird, producing B cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first stomach of a ruminant, which receives food or cud from the esophagus, partly digests it with the aid of bacteria, and passes it to the reticulum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| second stomach of a ruminant, having a honeycomblike structure, receiving food from the rumen and passing it to the omasum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscular third stomach of a ruminant animal, between the reticulum and the abomasum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fourth stomach of a ruminant, which receives food from the omasum and passes it to the small intestine |
|
|
Term
Of the 5 basic layers basic layers of the cornea, which layer is responsible for removal of water
from the cornea?
A. Anterior stratified squamous epithelium
B. Corneal stroma
C. Descemet's membrane
D. Corneal endothelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Regarding the space of Disse, which of the following is TRUE?
A. It is the space formed by the portal triad
B. It lies between the bile canniliculi and the central vein
C. It will contact endothelium
D. It will contact the bile duct and hepatic artery |
|
Definition
| C. It will contact endothelium |
|
|
Term
After bile is produced, it is released into the:
A. canaliculi formed between two hepatocytes
B. canaliculi formed in the space of Disse
C. portal vein in the portal triad
D. sinusoids between hepatocytes |
|
Definition
| A. canaliculi formed between two hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
Regarding digestive system, which of the following is FALSE?
A. Pancreatic gland acini are surrounded by myoepithelial cells that are
contractile.
B. Pancreas secretes bicarbonate ion.
C. Liver hepatocytes form canals by folding the plasmalemma between
adjacent cells.
D. Gall bladder epithelial cells are active in ion transport for absorption of water.
E. Pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functional cells. |
|
Definition
A. Pancreatic gland acini are surrounded by myoepithelial cells that are
contractile. |
|
|
Term
5. A primary secretion of pancreatic islets of Langerhans is which of the following?
A. Bicarbonate
B. Insulin
C. Mucin
D. Lysozyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which statement is FALSE regarding the portal triad?
A. Portal triad consists of the vein, artery and bile ductules
B. Portal vein blood has lower oxygen than the hepatic artery
C. Hepatic artery opens into the portal veins
D. Hepatic arteries of the triad have smooth muscle in their wall
|
|
Definition
| C. Hepatic artery opens into the portal veins |
|
|
Term
Which statement is TRUE regarding the liver?
A. Hepatocytes have an abundance of mitochondria.
B. Portal vein blood has higher oxygen than the hepatic artery.
C. Hepatic artery opens into the portal veins.
D. Central veins collect blood drained from the large hepatic vein.
|
|
Definition
| A. Hepatocytes have an abundance of mitochondria. |
|
|
Term
After bile is produced, it is released into which of the following?
A. canaliculi formed between two hepatocytes
B. canaliculi formed in the space of Disse
C. portal vein in the portal triad connective tissue
D. sinusoids between hepatocytes
|
|
Definition
| A. canaliculi formed between two hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
Acini of the exocrine pancreas drain directly into which of the following ducts?
A. intercalated ducts
B. striated ducts
C. interlobular ducts
D. pancreatic ducts
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the pancreatic cells secrete sodium bicarbonate?
A. acinar gland cells
B. centroacinar cells
C. islet cells
D. endothelial cells
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the pancreatic cells secrete sodium bicarbonate?
A. Endothelial cells
B. Islet cells
C. Acinar gland cells
D. Intercalated duct cells
|
|
Definition
D. Intercalated duct cells
|
|
|
Term
Acini of the exocrine pancreas drain directly into which of the following ducts?
A. intercalated ducts
B. striated ducts
C. interlobular ducts
D. pancreatic ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon?
A. Acinar cells
B. Centroacinar cells
C. Islet cells
D. Intercalated duct cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is TRUE with respect to the pancreas?
A. The centroacinar cell serves as the myoepithelial cell.
B. The pancreas is called a tubuloacinar gland, because the acini secrete
enzymes and the intercalated duct epithelium secretes bicarbonate ion.
C. The pancreas acini are sero-mucous glandular epithelium.
D. Large ducts of the pancreas are lined by a pseudostratified columnar
epithelium.
E. Acinar cells have an eosinophilic basal cytoplasm, because there is an
extensive SER.
|
|
Definition
B. The pancreas is called a tubuloacinar gland, because the acini secrete
enzymes and the intercalated duct epithelium secretes bicarbonate ion. |
|
|
Term
Where are basket cells or myoepithelial cells found?
A. Salivary gland
B. Pancreas
C. Crypts of Lieberkuhn
D. Gastric pits
E. Colon tubular glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Regarding the classical liver lobule, which of the following is TRUE?
A. a portal triad is found in the center of each lobule
B. sinusoids form the boundaries of a lobule
C. blood flows from the periphery towards the central vein
D. bile canaliculi are found at the corners of a lobule
|
|
Definition
| C. blood flows from the periphery towards the central vein |
|
|
Term
Regarding the Portal Liver Lobule, which of the following is FALSE?
A. a portal triad is found in the center of this lobule concept
B. sinusoids form the drainage zones towards three central veins
C. the central vein forms the center of this type of lobule
D. bile canaliculi have nothing to do with this type of lobule
E. the portal lobule is visualized by connecting three central veins as a triangle (pick 3) |
|
Definition
B. sinusoids form the drainage zones towards three central veins
C. the central vein forms the center of this type of lobule
D. bile canaliculi have nothing to do with this type of lobule |
|
|
Term
18. Which cell type in the liver is responsible for phagocytosis of worn out red blood
cells?
A. Hepatocyte
B. Endothelial cell
C. Bile duct cell
D. Kupffer cell
E. Eosinophils
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bile is secreted by which cells?
A. Bile duct epithelium
B. Endothelial cells
C. Hepatocytes
D. Kupffer cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The gall bladder is characterized by what epithelium?
A. pseudostratified epithelium
B. stratified cuboidal epithelium
C. simple columnar ciliated epithelium
D. simple columnar absorptive epithelium |
|
Definition
| D. simple columnar absorptive epithelium |
|
|
Term
If you were to inject India ink dye into the portal vein that drains the small
intestine, where would you find the ink dye particles, if you did histology on the animal 2
hours later?
A. In the proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells of the kidney
B. Kupffer cells of the liver
C. Endothelial cells of the gallbladder sinuses
D. Endothelial cells of the central veins in the liver
E. In the lumen of the gallbladder |
|
Definition
| B. Kupffer cells of the liver |
|
|
Term
Regarding liver, which of the following is FALSE?
A. Hepatocytes form tight juctions just like epithelial cells.
B. In the propria/submucosa of the gallbladder, it is common to find neutrophils
scattered among the collagen fibers and small smooth muscle cells.
C. Hepatocytes touch sinusoidal spaces on 2 sides.
D. Hepatocytes have an abundance of RER and SER.
E. If you stain the liver with PAS and it shows strong red staining in numerous
cells, this is likely due to the high lipid content stored in the liver (pick 2) |
|
Definition
C. Hepatocytes touch sinusoidal spaces on 2 sides. E. If you stain the liver with PAS and it shows strong red staining in numerous
cells, this is likely due to the high lipid content stored in the liver.
|
|
|
Term
Regarding digestive system, which of the following is FALSE?
A. The pancreas is attached to the duodenum by connective tissue adventitia.
B. Exocrine glandular cells of the pancreas have zymogen granules in the
apical cytoplasm.
C. When comparing parotid and mandibular salivary glands, both have mixed
mucous and serous epithelial cells.
D. The largest ducts in the pancreas are similar to those in the salivary gland,
as they both have columnar epithelium.
E. The striated duct of the salivary gland received its name due to the special
alignment of mitochondria in the cytoplasm of the ductal epithelium.
|
|
Definition
C. When comparing parotid and mandibular salivary glands, both have mixed
mucous and serous epithelial cells. |
|
|
Term
Regarding digestive system, which of the following is FALSE?
A. Kupffer cells are macrophages derived from monocytes.
B. A thin cartilaginous ring is found in the tunica externa of the gallbladder wall,
which helps to keep the lumen open.
C. The primary function of the gallbladder epithelium is to reabsorb water and to
concentrate the bile.
D. The pancreas is attached to the duodenum by connective tissue adventitia.
E. Exocrine glandular cells of the pancreas have zymogen granules in the
apical cytoplasm. |
|
Definition
B. A thin cartilaginous ring is found in the tunica externa of the gallbladder wall,
which helps to keep the lumen open. |
|
|
Term
Regarding digestive system, which of the following is FALSE?
A. Centroacinar cells are those migratory cells that reside in the lumen of the
glandular acini.
B. H&E staining of the liver reveals basophilic areas in hepatocytes. These
areas are abundance of ribosomes.
C. The space of Disse in the liver refers to the space formed between microvilli
of the hepatocytes and the endothelial cells lining the sinusoids.
D. The largest ducts in the pancreas are similar to those in the salivary gland,
as they both have columnar epithelium.
E. The striated duct of the salivary gland received its name due to the special
alignment of mitochondria in the cytoplasm of the ductal epithelium. |
|
Definition
A. Centroacinar cells are those migratory cells that reside in the lumen of the
glandular acini. |
|
|
Term
Regarding digestive system, which of the following is FALSE?
A. Serous glands can be found in pancreas.
B. Serous glands can be found in salivary gland.
C. Mucous glands can be found in esophagus.
D. Mucous glands can be found duodenum.
E. Mucous glands can be found in liver.
|
|
Definition
A. Esophageal glands and salivary glands can be both mucous and serous. D. Mucous glands can be found duodenum. |
|
|
Term
Regarding digestive system, which of the following is FALSE?
A. Hepatocytes have abundant SER for lipid synthesis and chemical
detoxification.
B. Islet cells of pancreas secrete substances that are taken up by the
capillaries.
C. Kupffer cells are found in the sinusoidal spaces but never in the central vein.
D. Centroacinar cells secrete bicarbonate ions into the lumen.
E. Kupffer cells will take up trypan blue dye when injected into the blood
vasculature.
|
|
Definition
| C. Kupffer cells are found in the sinusoidal spaces but never in the central vein. |
|
|
Term
Regarding digestive system, which of the following is FALSE?
A. Salivary glands have ductal epithelial cells with extensive numbers of
mitochondria.
B. Liver has an abundance of ciliated epithelial cells.
C. Duodenum epithelium is regenerated by stem cells found at the base of the
villi.
D. Pancreas contains centroacinar cells that line the duct carrying acinar
secretions.
E. Esophagus epithelium may become keratinized when exposed to heavy fiber
diets. |
|
Definition
| B. Liver has an abundance of ciliated epithelial cells. |
|
|
Term
Which of these is not part the external ear?
A. Pinnae
B. External acoustic meatus
C. Auditory tube
D. Ceruminous glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A stratum compactum consists of densely pacted collagen fibers above the muscularis mucosa
and its function is to limit penetration by sharp bones. The stratum compactum is found where?
A. Reticulum of cow
B. Ventriculus of the bird
C. Stomach of the dog
D. Esophagus of the pig |
|
Definition
| B. Ventriculus of the bird |
|
|
Term
Regarding small intestine, which of the following is TRUE?
A. crypts of Lieberkühn are lined by enterocytes and goblet cells
B. enterocytes are the mucus gland cells
C. stem cells are not as important as in the large intestine
D. microvillus brush border is found lining the enterocytes
E. all of the above are correct
|
|
Definition
| D. microvillus brush border is found lining the enterocytes |
|
|
Term
Regarding stem cells of the small and large intestines, which of the following is TRUE?
A. are located in the villus epithelium
B. are located scattered among the enterocytes and goblet cells
C. are located in the crypts of Lieberkühn
D. are located within the Brunner’s glands |
|
Definition
| C. are located in the crypts of Lieberkühn |
|
|
Term
Regarding small intestine, which of the following is TRUE?
A. Villi are the location of stem cells that replenish the epithelium
B. Enterocytes are the mucus gland cells
C. Meissner’s plexus controls contractions of the muscularis externa
D. Lacteal lymphatics drain the central region of the villi |
|
Definition
| D. Lacteal lymphatics drain the central region of the villi |
|
|
Term
Which cell type is found in the small intestine BUT NOT in the large intestine?
A. Paneth cell
B. Goblet cell
C. Enterocyte
D. APUD endocrine cell
E. Parietal cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which cell type is found frequently throughout the digestive system?
A. Paneth cell
B. “M” (microfolD. cells
C. Mucous cell
D. Enteroendocrine cell
E. Parietal cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Regarding filiform papillae of the tongue, which of the following is TRUE?
A. are numerous in the dog and cat
B. are sharp and pointed
C. are devoid of taste buds
D. are keratinized
E. all of the above are correct |
|
Definition
| E. all of the above are correct |
|
|
Term
Regarding teeth, which of the following is true?
A. brachydont teeth are covered by enamel
B. hypsodont teeth are covered by enamel
C. cementum binds enamel and dentin
D. enamel forms first followed by dentin |
|
Definition
| A. brachydont teeth are covered by enamel |
|
|
Term
Which is NOT a characteristic of the fundic stomach?
A. gastric glands are found in the mucosa
B. tunica muscularis is composed of smooth muscle
C. cells that are strongly eosinophilic are found in the fundic glands
D. the gastric pit epithelium contains the cells that secrete HCl
E. the gastric pit epithelium contains cells that secrete pepsinogen |
|
Definition
| C. cells that are strongly eosinophilic are found in the fundic glands |
|
|
Term
Regarding the monogastric stomach, which of the following is TRUE?
A. Chief cells are basophilic in staining
B. Parietal cells are basophilic in staining
C. Chief cells secrete the protein pepsinogen
D. Parietal cells secrete the protein pepsinogen
E. both A + C are correct |
|
Definition
| E. both A + C are correct |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a major characteristic of the duodenum?
A. there is NO muscularis mucosa
B. submucosal glands are prominent
C. epithelial cells have motile cilia
D. Peyer’s patches are prominent
E. skeletal muscle is present in the muscularis externa
|
|
Definition
| B. submucosal glands are prominent |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a characteristic of the ileum?
A. there is NO muscularis mucosa
B. submucosal glands are prominent
C. epithelial cells have motile cilia
D. Peyer’s patches are prominent
E. skeletal muscle is present in the muscularis externa |
|
Definition
| D. Peyer’s patches are prominent |
|
|
Term
Which cell type is more abundant in the large intestine than in the small intestine?
A. Paneth cell
B. Goblet cell
C. Enterocyte
D. APUD endocrine cell
E. Parietal cell
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Definition
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Term
The structure located in the propria/submucosa of the intestines, which is responsible for the major
immune response with antibody production:
A. Brunner’s glands
B. Lacteal
C. Peyer’s patch
D. Crypt of Lieberkühn
E. Argentaffin cells
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the compound stomach is histologically most similar to the glandular stomach of a
mongastric animal?
A. rumen
B. reticulum
C. abomasum
D. omasum
E. jejunum |
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Definition
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Term
In the gastrointestinal tract, which of the following is a rare cell that produces an exocrine
secretion?
A. Parietal cells
B. Paneth cells
C. Goblet mucus cells
D. Chief cells
E. Enterocytes |
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Definition
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Term
In the gastrointestinal tract, which of the following has a prominent central nucleus and a very
acidophilic cytoplasm?
A. Parietal cells
B. Paneth cells
C. Goblet mucus cells
D. Chief cells
E. Enterocytes |
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Definition
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Term
In the gastrointestinal tract, which of the following is tall columnar in shape and has a prominent
terminal web under the microvilli?
A. Parietal cells
B. Paneth cells
C. Goblet mucus cells
D. Chief cells
E. Enterocytes |
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Definition
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Term
In the gastrointestinal tract, which of the following is a cell that produces HCl?
A. Parietal cells
B. Paneth cells
C. Goblet mucus cells
D. Chief cells
E. Enterocytes |
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Definition
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Term
In the gastrointestinal tract, which of the following cells has a basophilic apical cytoplasm?
A. Parietal cells
B. Paneth cells
C. Goblet mucus cells
D. Chief cells
E. Enterocytes |
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Definition
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Term
Villi are absent in which region of the gastrointestinal tract?
A. Esophagus
B. Stomach
C. Duodenum
D. Ileum
E. Colon (pick 2) |
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Definition
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Term
Lacteals are present in which region of the gastrointestinal tract?
A. Esophagus
B. Stomach
C. Duodenum
D. Ileum
E. Colon |
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Definition
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Term
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium is present in which region of the gastrointestinal tract?
A. Esophagus
B. Stomach
C. Duodenum
D. Ileum
E. Colon |
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Definition
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Term
25. Brunner's glands are present in which region of the gastrointestinal tract?
A. Esophagus
B. Stomach
C. Duodenum
D. Ileum
E. Colon |
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Definition
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Term
Transitional epithelium is associated with which of the following?
A. Stomach
B. Filiform papillae of tongue
C. Esophagus of dog
D. Urinary bladder
E. Both B + D are correct
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Definition
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Term
Stratified squamous KERATINIZED epithelium is associated with which of the following?
A. Inside the lip
B. Filiform papillae of tongue
C. Esophagus of dog
D. Rumen
E. Both B + D are correct |
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Definition
| E. Both B + D are correct |
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Term
Stratified squamous NONKERATINIZED epithelium is associated with which of the following?
A. Esophagus of dog
B. Esophagus of horse
C. Colon
D. Rumen
E. Duodenum surface |
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Definition
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Term
Regarding teeth, which of the following is TRUE?
A. Hypsodont teeth continue to grow as they are worn down.
B. Brachydont teeth are NOT found in cows.
C. Tartar collection around the tooth is found between the dentin and the pulp.
D. Dogs have hypsodont teeth only in the cheek area for grinding.
E. Cementum is similar to cartilage and consists of 60% hydroxychondroitin |
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Definition
| A. Hypsodont teeth continue to grow as they are worn down. |
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Term
Regarding oral cavity, which of the following is FALSE?
A. Dentin consists of mineralized calcium phosphate, collagen, proteoglycans and
glycoproteins.
B. Enamel is synthesized by the ameloblast cells.
C. Cementum and dentin are similar in that they are both mineralized and similar to bone in
composition.
D. All tongue papillae contain at least one to a few taste buds.
E. The dorsal surface of the tongue has a thicker stratified squamous epithelium than on the
ventral surface |
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Definition
| D. All tongue papillae contain at least one to a few taste buds. |
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Term
Regarding gastrointestinal system, which of the following is FALSE?
A. Filiform tongue papillae of the cat have a cartilage connective tissue core.
B. The tongue has thick, intertwined bundles of skeletal muscle.
C. Muscularis external of the esophagus can be a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle.
D. The cardiac region of the stomach is typically the smallest region.
E. The deepest gastric pits are found in the pyloric stomach.
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Definition
| A. Filiform tongue papillae of the cat have a cartilage connective tissue core. |
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Term
Regarding gastrointestinal system, which of the following is FALSE?
A. Gastric glands that secrete HCl are found above the muscularis mucosa.
B. The Chief cells have basophilic apical cytoplasm because they contain abundance of rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
C. Fungiform papillae of the tongue are named such because it refers to their taste buds
having the ability to detect a chemical in mushrooms.
D. Taste buds are surrounded by skin cells on three sides. |
|
Definition
C. Fungiform papillae of the tongue are named such because it refers to their taste buds
having the ability to detect a chemical in mushrooms. |
|
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Term
Regarding gastrointestinal system, which of the following is FALSE?
A. Muscularis external of the esophagus can be a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle.
B. The cardiac region of the stomach is typically the smallest region.
C. The deepest gastric pits are found in the pyloric stomach.
D. Gastric glands that secrete HCl are found above the muscularis mucosa.
E. Goblet cells of the duodenum secrete a serous substance while Goblet cells of the colon
secrete a mucous substance.
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Definition
E. Goblet cells of the duodenum secrete a serous substance while Goblet cells of the colon
secrete a mucous substance.
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Term
Regarding gastrointestinal system, which of the following is FALSE?
A. The Chief cells have basophilic apical cytoplasm because they contain abundance of rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
B. Submucosal mucous glands of the esophagus are only found in the bird and the pig.
C. Pyloric glands consist of mucus cell only; no serous secretions.
D. The microvillus brush border of enterocytes in the duodenum are responsible for major
absorption of amino acids, fat and carbohydrates.
E. Goblet cells arise from stem cells found in the lower crypts of the intestinal mucosa.
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Definition
| B. Submucosal mucous glands of the esophagus are only found in the bird and the pig. |
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Term
Regarding gastrointestinal system, which of the following is TRUE?
A. Plasma cells are commonly found in the epithelium lining the intestines.
B. Brunner’s glands open into the lacteal which carries lipid fluids to the thoracic duct.
C. Lacteals are lymphatic vessels that drain the villi of small intestine.
D. Meissner’s nerve plexus is found between the two layers of smooth muscle in the
muscularis externa.
E. Tongue papillae are oriented toward the opening of the mouth to facilitate the lapping of
water. |
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Definition
| C. Lacteals are lymphatic vessels that drain the villi of small intestine. |
|
|
Term
Regarding gastrointestinal system, which of the following is TRUE?
A. Taste buds function because chemicals must diffuse through a top layer of cells into the
second layer of modified neurons.
B. The muscularis mucosa is always skeletal muscle.
C. Gastric glands of the fundic stomach have prominent mucous cells along with the Parietal
and Chief cells.
D. Parietal cells have an abundance of mitochondria because they need energy in the
secretion of pepsinogen.
E. Myenteric nerve plexus is found between the two layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis
externa (pick 2) |
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Definition
C. Gastric glands of the fundic stomach have prominent mucous cells along with the Parietal
and Chief cells. E. Myenteric nerve plexus is found between the two layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis
externa |
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Term
Regarding gastrointestinal system, which of the following is TRUE?
A. Nerve tracts, but NOT ganglia, are found in the small intestines.
B. Peyer’s patches have a primary content of T-lymphocytes and macrophages.
C. The largest lymphatic nodules of the gastrointestinal tract appear to be located in the
cecum.
D. Extensive submucosal glands of the colon are responsible for the production of lipid
digestion.
E. The rectum mucosa is more similar to that of the ileum than the colon.
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Definition
C. The largest lymphatic nodules of the gastrointestinal tract appear to be located in the
cecum. |
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Term
Which statement best explains at least one structure/functional relationship in the cornea?
A. Transparency is achieved by the special types of cells layered in the stratified squamous
epithelium.
B. The cornea can be easily transplanted because the corneal stroma contains an extensive
network of blood vessels.
C. The alignment of type I collagen in the corneal stroma is essential for transparency.
D. Removal of water from the corneal stroma is accomplished by the ion pumps found in the
Descemet’s membrane. |
|
Definition
| C. The alignment of type I collagen in the corneal stroma is essential for transparency. |
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Term
Which statement best explains at least one structure/functional relationship in the cornea?
A. Removal of water from the corneal stroma is accomplished by the ion pumps found in the
corneal endothelial layer.
B. Transparency is achieved by the special alignment of the stratified squamous epithelium.
C. The cornea can be easily transplanted because the corneal stroma contains an extensive
network of blood vessels.
D. In the lens, alignment of type I collagen is essential for light transparency.
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Definition
A. Removal of water from the corneal stroma is accomplished by the ion pumps found in the
corneal endothelial layer. |
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Term
Which layer of the eye is typically the thickest?
A. Retina
B. Choroid
C. Sclera
D. Cornea
E. Tapetum |
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Definition
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Term
Of the following statements, which one is FALSE ?
A. Damage or malfunction of the Descemet’s membrane layer results in the greatest increase in
corneal edema.
B. The tapetum layer is responsible for the light reflex seen in most animal eyes at night when
they come in contact with a direct light source, i.e., headlights of a car.
C. Accommodation (changing the shape of the lens for better focusing of an image. is
accomplished by stretching or relaxing zonules of the ciliary musculature.
D. The cornea is responsible for production of the aqueous humor. |
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Definition
| D. The cornea is responsible for production of the aqueous humor. |
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Term
Accommodation (changing the shape of the lens for better focusing of an imagE. is accomplished
by stretching or relaxing of what tissue structures that engage the lens?
A. Dilator muscle of the iris
B. Suture lines of the lens
C. Zonules of the ciliary musculature
D. Persistent hyaloid artery |
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Definition
| C. Zonules of the ciliary musculature |
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Term
Of the following statements, which one is FALSE ?
A. To provide higher resolution, each cone cell synapses on multiple bipolar cells.
B. Color vision is primarily provided by the area centralis.
C. The area centralis is a small area of the retina where there are few nerve fibers.
D. Bipolar neuron nuclei are closer to the cornea than are the nuclei of rods and cones.
E. Detachment of the retina would occur between the pigmented epithelium and the layer
containing the rods and cones.
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Definition
| A. To provide higher resolution, each cone cell synapses on multiple bipolar cells. |
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Term
What layer is responsible for the light reflection that is seen in most animal eyes at night when they
come in contact with a direct light source, i.e., headlights of a car?
A. Optic nerve fiber layer
B. Tapetum
C. Retinal pigment epithelium
D. Rods and cones
E. Pectin |
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Definition
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Term
Which statement is TRUE regarding the eye?
A. The lens is a living structure with live cells and it grows even in the adult
B. The lens is a non-living structure made up of cells that died soon after birth and filled with
crystals.
C. The cornea is transparent because the stroma becomes filled with fine crystalline fibers.
D. Aqueous humor is produced in the anterior chamber and moves into the posterior chamber.
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Definition
| A. The lens is a living structure with live cells and it grows even in the adult |
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Term
Which statement is TRUE regarding the eye?
A. The color of the eye is determined by the iridocorneal angle.
B. The ciliary processes are a continuation of the sclera and thus form attachments to the lens.
C. Smooth muscle in the lens is essential for dilation of the pupil in dim light.
D. The Melanocytes of the lens are responsible for the production of aqueous humor.
E. None of the above are true.
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Definition
E. None of the above are true.
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Term
Which statement best explains the most common pathway for removal of aqueous humor?
A. The iris is filled with blood capillaries that help to absorb the excess aqueous humor.
B. Aqueous humor flows through trabecular collagen meshwork into spaces of Fontana to
outward-bound veins.
C. The iridocorneal angle collects excess fluid and passes it into the choroid layer
D. Aqueous humor slowly diffuses through the cornea.
E. The ciliary processes absorb excess aqueous humor fluid and transport it back into the
underlying venules.
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Definition
B. Aqueous humor flows through trabecular collagen meshwork into spaces of Fontana to
outward-bound veins. |
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Term
The layer of the eye responsible for providing nutrients to the retinal rods and cones:
A. Tapetum
B. Sclera vasculature
C. Choroid vasculature
D. Intra-retinal arterioles
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|
Definition
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Term
Which statement is TRUE regarding the area centralis?
A. It has a greater numbers of nerve tracts, which gives it greater sensitivity.
B. Acute vision is dependent upon the more highly packed number of cone cells.
C. Acute vision is dependent upon the more highly paced number of rod cells.
D. This area is responsible for night vision in most animals.
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Definition
| B. Acute vision is dependent upon the more highly packed number of cone cells. |
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Term
Which statement is TRUE regarding the eye?
A. Brightness and contrast is provided by the nerve ganglion cells that lie next to the posterior
chamber.
B. Photoreceptor segments are modified mitochondrial membrane folds.
C. Rods and cones have rapid turnover of the photoreceptors, which are phagocytized by the
pigmented epithelium.
D. Vitamin A is important for maintenance of the nuclear envelope in rods and cones.
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|
Definition
C. Rods and cones have rapid turnover of the photoreceptors, which are phagocytized by the
pigmented epithelium. |
|
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Term
Stem cell therapy that is focused on reducing the incidence of detached retina, might inject the
stem cells into which layer?
A. Ciliary body
B. Sclera
C. Choroid
D. Retinal ganglion layer
E. Retinal pigmented epithelium
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Definition
E. Retinal pigmented epithelium
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Term
16. Which cell type of the eye is responsible for disposing of the photoreceptors that are shed by rods
and cones?
A. Macrophages of the sclera
B. Melanocytes
C. Muller cells of the retina
D. Retinal pigmented epithelia
E. Amacrine cells of the retina |
|
Definition
| D. Retinal pigmented epithelia |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| part of the intestine that runs between the stomach and the large intestine; the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum collectively |
|
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Term
Ear wax is a combination of secretions by sebaceous glands and which of the
following?
A. Ceruminous glands
B. Meibomian glands
C. Mandibullar glands
D. Parotid glands glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The skin of the external acoustic meatus DOES NOT contain which of the following?
A. Squamous stratified epithelium
B. Ceruminous glands glands
C. Sebaceous glands
D. Hair follicles
E. Tarsal glands |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which statement is FALSE?
A. Tympanic membrane separates outer and inner ears
B. External acoustic meatus is supported by hyaline cartilage
C. Ceruminous glands are modified sweat glands
D. External acoustic meatus is supported by elastic cartilage (pick 2) |
|
Definition
A. Tympanic membrane separates outer and inner ears
B. External acoustic meatus is supported by hyaline cartilage |
|
|
Term
Which statement is false about the tympanic membrane?
A. Has stratified squamous epithelium externally
B. Has simple squamous epithelium internally
C. Contains collagen fibers in its core region
D. Attaches to the stapes |
|
Definition
| D. Attaches to the stapes |
|
|
Term
The tympanic cavity DOES NOT contain which of the following?
A. Air
B. Cochlear
C. Malleus
D. Incus
E. Muscles and ligaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which statement is FALSE about the tympanic cavity?
A. Connected to nasopharynx
B. Contains interconnected ossicles
C. Lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
D. Lined by simple squamous or cuboidal epithelium
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|
Definition
| C. Lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
It is true that
A. The auditory tube is lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
B. The malleus attaches to the oval window
C. The guttural pouch of the horse is an expansion of the tympanic cavity
D. Organ of Corti lines the surface of the incus
|
|
Definition
| A. The auditory tube is lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
Which statement is FALSE about the inner ear ?
A. Contains the vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlear
B. Mediates balance and hearing
C. It is fluid filled
D. Perilymph fills the space between bony and membranous labyrinth
E. Membranous labyrinth is filled with perilymph |
|
Definition
| E. Membranous labyrinth is filled with perilymph |
|
|
Term
Which statement is TRUE?
A. Endolymph fills the membranous labyrint
B. Endolymph is rich in potassium ions
C. Perilymph is rich in sodium ions
D. The canals and cavities of the bony labyrinth are lined by periosteum
E All statements above are correct
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|
Definition
E All statements above are correct
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|
Term
Which statement is TRUE?
A. Number of cochlear coils is constant across species
B. The cochlear nerve and spiral ganglion occur in the modiolus
C. Organ of Corti is present in the Scala tympani
D. The semicircular canals mediate hearing
E. The cochlear mediates balance
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|
Definition
| B. The cochlear nerve and spiral ganglion occur in the modiolus |
|
|
Term
Which statement below is FALSE about the cochlear and organ of Corti?
A. The vestibular membrane separates the scala vestibule from scala tympani
B. Hair cells rest on the basilar membrane
C. Tectorial membrane exerts shear force on the long microvilli of hair cells
D. There are three rows of outer hair cells and one row of inner cells
E. Phalangeal support cells stabilize the villi and apical parts of hair cells |
|
Definition
| A. The vestibular membrane separates the scala vestibule from scala tympani |
|
|
Term
Which statement is FALSE?
A. Loss of supporting cells of organ of Corti may lead to deafness
B. Stem cell injection into scala media and tympani results in supporting cell
regeneration
C. Stem cell injection into scala media and tympani results in hair cell
regeneration
D. Endolymph is synthesized by stria vascularis
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|
Definition
C. Stem cell injection into scala media and tympani results in hair cell
regeneration |
|
|
Term
Regarding vestibular apparatus, which statement is TRUE?
A. Consists ONLY of semicircular canals
B. Contains specialized neuropeithelial areas in the cristae and maculae
C. Has one type only of sensory epithelium
D. Has kinocilia, but NOT sterocilia on its sensory epithelium
F. Detects motion but does NOT maintain equilibrium (pick 2) |
|
Definition
B. Contains specialized neuropeithelial areas in the cristae and maculae
C. Has one type only of sensory epithelium |
|
|
Term
A major difference between the inner and middle ears would include which of the
following?
A. Only the middle ear contains endolymph.
B. Only the inner ear contains modified nerve cells.
C. Only the inner ear contains small bundles of skeletal muscle.
D. Only the middle ear synthesizes otoliths.
E. Only the inner ear connects to the nasopharynx.
|
|
Definition
| B. Only the inner ear contains modified nerve cells. |
|
|
Term
Regarding the ear, which statement is TRUE?
A. There are about 200 hair cells in the organ of corti.
B. Vibration of fluid in the modiolus provides stimulation of the hair cells.
C. Endolymph of the scala media receives vibration pressure from the perilymph
of the scala vestibuli.
D. Tectorial membrane is a separation between the scala media and scala
vestibuli.
E. Phalangeal cells are modified neurons that synapse with the hair cells and
transduce the electrical depolarization. |
|
Definition
C. Endolymph of the scala media receives vibration pressure from the perilymph
of the scala vestibuli. |
|
|
Term
Regarding the ear, which statement is TRUE?
A. Endolymph contains much more sodium than perilymph
B. The three cristae ampullaris and maculae contain auditory receptors
C. The organ of Corti contains receptors for equilibrium and balance
D. The cochlear nerve transmits auditory impulses to the brain
E. The vestibular nerve transmits auditory impulses to the brain
|
|
Definition
| D. The cochlear nerve transmits auditory impulses to the brain |
|
|
Term
Regarding the sensory epithelium of the cristae ampullaris, which statement is
TRUE?
A. They consist of hair cells with no supporting cells
B. Hair cells consist of type I but not type II cells
C. The apical surface of each hair cell has many kinocilia and one stereocilia
D. They consist of both hair cells and supporting cells
E. They regulate equilibrium and nothing else
|
|
Definition
| D. They consist of both hair cells and supporting cells |
|
|
Term
Regarding the sensory epithelium of the maculae, which statement is TRUE?
A. They regulate equilibrium
B. They are sensitive to acceleration/deceleration and nothing else
C. Both hair and supporting cells are almost identical to the cristae ampullaris
cells
D. Interact with an overlying gelatinous mass that is richer in otoliths than the
gelatinous mass of the cristae ampullaris
E. A and D are correct (pick 3) |
|
Definition
A. They regulate equilibrium C. Both hair and supporting cells are almost identical to the cristae ampullaris
cells
D. Interact with an overlying gelatinous mass that is richer in otoliths than the
gelatinous mass of the cristae ampullaris |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is FALSE about the organ of Corti?
A. Has sensory hair cells
B. Has supporting cells
C. Has afferent and efferent branches of the Cochlear nerve D.
D. Its sensory cells rests on the surface of the basilar facing the scala tympani
E. Transforms mechanical energy of sound vibrations into electrical action
potentials |
|
Definition
| D. Its sensory cells rests on the surface of the basilar facing the scala tympani |
|
|
Term
Regarding the sensory hair cells of the organ of Corti, which statement is TRUE?
A. Sensory hair cells are arranged into outer and inner groups of cells
B. Sensory hair cells have numerous stereocilia and kinocilia
C. Sensory hair cells do not make contact with the tectorial membrane
D. Sensory hair cells have one type of supporting cell
E. Sensory hair cells make contact unipolar neurons of the spiral ganglion |
|
Definition
| A. Sensory hair cells are arranged into outer and inner groups of cells |
|
|
Term
Regarding the ear, which statement is TRUE?
A. Sound vibrations in the middle ear eventually cause the basilar membrane to
vibrate
B. Vibration of the basilar membrane causes hair cells to make shearing contact
with tectoral membrane
C. Shearing contact between the hair cells and tectoral membrane generates neural
impulses
D. Electrical impulses are transmitted to the spiral ganglion and to the cochlear
nerve
E. All statements above are correct
|
|
Definition
E. All statements above are correct
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach, leading to the jejunum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the small intestine between the duodenum and ileum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| third portion of the small intestine, between the jejunum and the cecum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any of numerous minute elongated projections set closely together on a surface, typically increasing its surface area for the absorption of substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell of the intestinal lining |
|
|
