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Histology - Urinary System
Complete
76
Medical
Undergraduate 1
10/05/2008

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Term
What are 3 substances that the kidney regulates in blood and the extracellular fluid?
Definition
1) Water 2) Ions 3) acid-base
Term
What does the kidney excrete?
Definition
metabolic wastes, toxins, and drugs
Term
What are 2 endocrine products of the kidneys?
Definition
Renin and erythropoietin
Term
How does renin affect blood pressure?
Definition
It acts with angiotensinogen to increase blood pressure
Term
How does erythropoietin affect red blood cells?
Definition
It helps to increase the number of RBCs
Term
Which structure is responsible for forming initial urine by filtering blood?
Definition
The renal corpuscle
Term
In which structure is 80% of the initial filtrate volume and solutes recovered?
Definition
The proximal convoluted tubule
Term
Where is a high salt concentrate formed?
Definition
in the medulla
Term
Where is 20% of NaCl recovered from after the formation of the salt concentrate in the medulla?
Definition
The loop of Henle
Term
In what structure does the selective recovery of NaCl through aldosterone and secretion of H+ and HCO3 occur?
Definition
The collecting tubules and ducts
Term
In what structure does the selective recovery of water through antidiuretic hormone (ADH) occur?
Definition
The collecting tubules and ducts
Term
What structure regulates the rate of urine formation?
Definition
The juxtaglomerular apparatus
Term
What type of cells make up Bowmans capsule?
Definition
simple squamous epithelium
Term
What are the names of the two types of arterioles that peirce Bowmans capsule at the vascular end?
Definition
The afferent and efferent arterioles
Term
What cells are associated with the arterioles near Bowmans capsule?
Definition
The extraglomerular mesangial cells
Term
Which pole is at the beginning of the proximal convoluted tubule?
Definition
The urinary pole
Term
What are the names of the two poles on Bowmans capsule?
Definition
The vascular and urinary poles
Term
What are three structures that are found inside Bowmans capsule?
Definition
1) Fenestrated capillaries 2) Glomerular mesangial cells 3) Podocyte cells
Term
What are functions of the glomerular mesangial cells?
Definition
1) physically support the capillaries 2) turn over the basal lamina 3) help control capillary diameter 4) secrete vasoactive compounds
Term
What is another name for podocyte cells?
Definition
The visceral layer
Term
The urinary space or Bowmans space lies between what two structures?
Definition
Bowmans capsule and the glomerulus
Term
What causes urine to form in the urinary space?
Definition
pressure
Term
What is the function of the renal corpuscle?
Definition
Form initial urine through pressure filtration
Term
How does the three layered filter of the renal corpuscle work?
Definition
1) fenestrated epithelium pores retain the cells 2) Basal lamina retains proteins greater than 450k MU 3) Filtration slits of podocyte pedicles keep albumin sized proteins greater than 68K MU
Term
What is the longest section of the nephron?
Definition
The proximal convoluted tubule
Term
What is the structure of the proximal convoluted tubule?
Definition
tall cuboidal or columnar cells with apical brush border and junctional complexes
Term
What are 4 functions of the proximal convoluted tubule?
Definition
1) Recover 80% of the initial ultrafiltrate 2) actively pump Na+ for solute and water recovery 3) protein endocytosis 4) secretion of organic acids and bases into the urine
Term
What structure straightens out and joins the medullary ray and has lower and fewer villi?
Definition
The straight proximal tubule
Term
What do medullary rays contain?
Definition
they contain straight, parallel arrays of proximal, loop elements, collecting tubules, and may contain loops of Henle
Term
What is the name of the structure that exists after the straight proximal tubule narrows into a thin loop?
Definition
The loop of Henle
Term
What are the elements of the loop of Henle?
Definition
Thick descending limb, thin descending limb, thin ascending limb, and thick ascending limb
Term
Which portion of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water?
Definition
the ascending portion
Term
Which portion of the loop of Henle contains ion pumps that actively transport sodium and or chloride from urine?
Definition
the thick ascending limb
Term
Why is the loop of Henle considered a concurrent multiplier?
Definition
Because it concentrates ions in the medulla outside the tubules.
Term
As urine exits the medulla, does it become hypotonic or hypertonic?
Definition
hypotonic
Term
Up to what percentage of sodium is recovered from the active ion pump on the thick ascending limb?
Definition
20 percent
Term
Which loops produce the most of the high salt concentration in the interstitial tissue of the medula?
Definition
the loops in the juxtamedullary neprhons instead of the loops in the renal corpuscles
Term
What is formed where the thick ascending limb runs next to its own renal corpuscle?
Definition
The macula densa
Term
What is the name of the tubule after the macula densa that becomes convoluted?
Definition
The distal convoluted tubule
Term
What two substances are reabsorbed at the distal convoluted tubule?
Definition
Calcium and NaCl
Term
What effect do thiazide drugs have on the distal convoluted tubule?
Definition
They inhibit NaCl recovery and increase the volume of urine output
Term
In what part of the kidney do the distal convoluted tubules join the collecting tubules?
Definition
the cortex
Term
Where is aldosterone made?
Definition
in the adrenal cortex
Term
What affect does aldosterone have on the collecting tubules?
Definition
it allows for the movement of sodium from urine into the cytoplasm of cells
Term
How does the Na/K pump work?
Definition
it moves sodium from the cytoplasm into the blood and potassium from the blood into the cytoplasm. Potassium is excreted with urine, and sodium and water are retained, increased body fluid volume
Term
What is another name for antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Definition
vasopressin
Term
Where is ADH made?
Definition
in the neurohypohysis, or the posterior pituitary gland
Term
What affect does low ADH have on collecting ducts and tubules?
Definition
it makes them impermeable to water, so more urine leaves the kidney, and blood pressure and volume is reduced.
Term
What affect does high ADH have on collecting ducts and tubules?
Definition
it makes them permeable to water, so water is passed to the medulla and into the blood, increasing blood volume and pressure
Term
Which integral membrane proteins are responsible for the high water permeability of the MCD epithelial cells?
Definition
aquaporin
Term
How is blood pH regulated?
Definition
H+ and HCO3 are secreted from the medullary collecting tubules into urine
Term
Medullary collecting ducts converge to form what structure?
Definition
papillary ducts
Term
Papillary ducts empty into what structure at the area cribosa?
Definition
the minor calyx
Term
What are the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Definition
the macula densa, the juxtaglomerular cells, and the extraglomerular mesangial cells
Term
What are juxtaglomerular cells?
Definition
modified smooth muscle in the tunica media that store renin and are mostly found in afferent arterioles
Term
What is the Glomerular Filtration Rater (GFR)
Definition
the total amount of initial filtrate produce by both kidneys
Term
Which cells monitor NaCl in the lumen of the Thick Ascending Limb?
Definition
the macula densa cells
Term
What do macula densa cells do to afferent arterioles when they detect high NaCl in TAL?
Definition
They signal the afferent arterioles to contrict
Term
What is the effect of constricting afferent arterioles with regards to filtrate formation?
Definition
It slows the production of initial filtrate and NaCl entry
Term
What happens when macula densa cells detect low NaCl in TAL?
Definition
The signal juxtaglomerular cells to release renin
Term
What two signaling molecules does renin produce?
Definition
Angiotensin I and II
Term
What affect does renin and angiotensin have on the efferent arterioles and overall filtrate production?
Definition
Efferent arterioles are become contrincted than afferent arterioles, and more filtrate is produced
Term
What affect does angiotensin II have on systemic blood pressure?
Definition
it increases blood pressure
Term
Where is angiotensin made?
Definition
in the liver
Term
What does renin do to angiotensin?
Definition
it converts it to angiotensin I, which then gets converted to angiotensin II
Term
Describe the two actions of angiotensin II in increasing blood NaCl and pressure
Definition
angiotensin II signals for the release of the aldosterone which increases NaCl and water retention from the collecting ducts and tubules, and it contricts arterioles everywhere to increase blood pressure.
Term
Describe arterial blood flow.
Definition
Renal artery - segmental artery branches - interlobar artery - arcuate artery - interlobular artery - afferent arteriole - glomerular capillary - efferent capillary
Term
Cortical glomeruli capillaries join what capillary system?
Definition
the peritubular capillary network
Term
Juxtaglomerular capillaries join what venous system?
Definition
the vasa recta
Term
What is the concurrent exchange system?
Definition
medullary arteriolae and venae reactea running parallel in the medulla, supplying blood to the medulla without removing the high salt concentration of the medulla
Term
If interstitial cells become diseased, what can they produce?
Definition
fibrosis
Term
What two products do interstitial cells produce?
Definition
Erythropoietin and prostaglandins
Term
What are the three components of the extrarenal system?
Definition
the ureters, the bladder, and the urethra
Term
What are the three common layers of the extrarenal system?
Definition
inner mucosa, middle muscularis, external adventitia
Term
The mucosa contains what type of epithelium?
Definition
Transitional
Term
What are the three portions of the male urethra?
Definition
prostatic, membranous, and spongy
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