Term
| Digestive System/ Alimentary Canal |
|
Definition
-a continuation of the oral cavity
-Tubular portion of entire tract about 9 inches long |
|
|
Term
| 4 Main Regions of the Alimentary Canal |
|
Definition
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine |
|
|
Term
| 3 parts of the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 parts of the large intestine |
|
Definition
| cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal, appendix |
|
|
Term
| 4 Histological Layers of the Alimentary Canal(from closest to furthest from lumen) |
|
Definition
| mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Lined by epithelium
-Just deep to epithelium is loose CT called [lamina propria]
-surrounded by a small area of smooth muscle called [muscularis mucosae] aka lamina muscularis mucosa |
|
|
Term
| what is the lamina propria? |
|
Definition
-loose CT
-richly vascularized
-houses glands, lymph vessels, some lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| what is the muscularis mucosaes' purpose? |
|
Definition
| -generate gentle agitation of cells and glands to expel contents into lumen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-surrounds mucosa
-made of dense CT
-houses glands in esophagus & duodenum |
|
|
Term
| what is the muscularis externa? |
|
Definition
-smooth muscle arranged in circular & longitudinal fashion
-peristalsis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -thin CT w/ occasional epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Muscular tube about 25 cm long
-Conveys "bolus" of food from oral pharynx to stomach |
|
|
Term
| what does the mucosa of the esophagus do? |
|
Definition
-usually collapsed except when swallowing
-lamina propria houses "esophageal glands" --> secrete mucus to protect epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-As esophagus passes through diaphragm, its reinforced by muscle
-If development is abnormal a gap occurs allowing the stomach to herniate into the thoracic cavity
-Called hiatal hernia
--> weakens gastroesophageal sphincter and allows reflux of acid into esophagus |
|
|
Term
| what are some important features of the stomach? |
|
Definition
-Most dialated region of alimentary canal
-Sac-like; food bolus converted to viscous fluid = chyme
-Intermittently, stomach, releases small aliquots of chyme into duodenum |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 regions of the stomach and what do they display? |
|
Definition
-cardiac, fundus, body(corpus), pyloris
-All regions display [rugae]
-Epithelium invaginates to form [gastric pits] (aka foveolae) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -longitudinal folds that disappear when the stomach is distended |
|
|
Term
| what are gastric pits(foveolae)? |
|
Definition
-they increase S.A.
-5-7 gastric glands that empty into each gastric pit |
|
|
Term
| where is the cardiac region of the stomach? |
|
Definition
| -At gastroesophageal esophageal junction |
|
|
Term
| what and where is the fundus? |
|
Definition
-dome-shaped & left of esophagus
-epithelium there is surface lining cells that manufacture mucus --> much of lamina propria houses fundic (oxynctic) glands |
|
|
Term
| what is the body(corpus)? |
|
Definition
-largest area; where chyme formed
*fundus and body (corpus) are grouped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -funnel shaped; has sphincter |
|
|
Term
| what are the three regions of the fundic glands? |
|
Definition
-isthmus, neck, base
-Has simple columnar epithelium w/
[6 cell types] |
|
|
Term
| what are the 6 cell types of fundic glands? |
|
Definition
| surface lining cells, parietal (oxyntic) cells, regenerative (stem) cells, mucous neck cells, chief (zymogenic) cells, enteroendocrine cells |
|
|
Term
| what are surface lining cells? |
|
Definition
| -line stomach & secrete mucus |
|
|
Term
| what are parietal (oxyntic) cells? |
|
Definition
| -HCl & GIF (gastricintrinsic factor)=bile formation |
|
|
Term
| what are regenerative (stem) cells? |
|
Definition
| -replace all of specialized cells |
|
|
Term
| what are mucous neck cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are chief (zymogenic) cells |
|
Definition
| -secrete pepsinogen, renin, gastric lipase |
|
|
Term
| what are enteroendocrine cells? |
|
Definition
| -APUD cells(old)DNES cells(new)--> secrete low molecular weight polypeptides;ex:hormones, neurotransmitters, paracrine factors |
|
|
Term
| what is the small intestine? |
|
Definition
-About 7 m long(longest part of alimentary tract)
-has 3 regions |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 regions and what do they do? |
|
Definition
-duodenum(receives enzymes & buffers from liver & pancreas [also bile], jejunum, ileum
-epithelial cells & mucosal glands that contribute buffers/enzymes
-luminal surfaces are modified to increase surface area |
|
|
Term
| what are some structures of the small intestine? |
|
Definition
-plicae circulares, villi, microvilli, crypts of lieberkuhn, lacteals
[image] |
|
|
Term
| what is the plicae circularis? |
|
Definition
| -folds of mucosa & submucosa = forms helical elevations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -finger-like, covered by epithelium - protrusions of lamina propria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -modifications of apical plasmalemma of intestinal epith |
|
|
Term
| what are Crypts of Lieberkuhn? |
|
Definition
| -intestinal glands formed by invaginations of epith. = project into lamina propria between villi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -blindly ending lympthatic channels in villi |
|
|
Term
| what are 3 parts of the Eptihelium of Small Intestine? |
|
Definition
| -Surface absorptive cells, Goblet cells, Enteroendocrine cells |
|
|
Term
| what are surface-absorptive cells? |
|
Definition
-tall, numerous, basically located nucleus
-apical surface has microvilli
-function: absorption & digestion of water/nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-unicellular glands
-dispersal in epithelium
-manufacture mucinogen which is a precursor to mucus --> mucus protects lumen of small intestine |
|
|
Term
| what are Enteroendocrine cells? |
|
Definition
-produce endocrine & paracrine hormones:
glucagon, somatostatin, seratonin, substance P, gastrin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does somatostatin do? |
|
Definition
| -inhibits hormone release |
|
|
Term
| what does serotonin & substance P do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -stimulate HCl production |
|
|
Term
| what are some other cells of the mucosa? |
|
Definition
| -Regenerative cells(stems) and Paneth cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-large, granular, pyramid-shaped
-bottom of crypts
-produce lysozyme (antibacterial) |
|
|
Term
| what are some glands in the submucosa of the SI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are Brunner's glands? |
|
Definition
| -branched; resemble mucous acini -pierce crypts of Lieburkuhn to deliver product - fluid produced neutralizes chyme-also produce urogastrone (aka EGF) |
|
|
Term
| what does urogastrone do? |
|
Definition
| -inhibits HCl production & amplifies mitosis rate of epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what are some regional differences of the duodenum of the SI? |
|
Definition
-shortest segment(cant see)
-villi broad, tall, more numerous
-fewer goblets; has Brunners |
|
|
Term
| what are some regional differences of the Jejunum of the SI? |
|
Definition
-villi narrow, short & more sparse
-increases goblets |
|
|
Term
| what are some regional differences of the ileum of the SI? |
|
Definition
-villi shortest, sparsest, narrowest
-presence of Peyers patches |
|
|
Term
| CC of the SI-peristaltic rush |
|
Definition
-if exposed to profound irritation the muscularis externa has swift contractions of long duration called peristaltic rush
--> propels chyme into colon w/ in minutes==diarrhea
--> diarrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sprue=various types of SI malabsorptions |
|
|
Term
| what is one type of Sprue? |
|
Definition
- gluten enteropathy which is present in wheat and rye and destroys microvilli & villi resulting in inflammatory response --> decrease surface area for absorption(gluten-free diet)
- gluten free diet |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of Large Intestine? |
|
Definition
| -absorb water/ ions from chyme received from SI & compact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-no villi, rich in crypts of L.
-has goblets & surface absorptive cells increase
-epithelium has rapid mitosis - replaces every 6-7 days |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 Glands of Digestive System? |
|
Definition
| -salivary glands, Pancreas, Liver, Gall bladder |
|
|
Term
| what are the salivary glands? |
|
Definition
| -Facilitate taste, initiate digestion, permit swallowing, secret antimicrobials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-secretes buffers to neutral chyme
-produces enzymes for digestion of carbs, fats, protein
-secretes endocrine hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-secretes bile - necessary for proper absorption of lipids
-metabolism of protein, lipids, carbs.
-synthesis of blood proteins & detoxification of blood - borne toxins |
|
|
Term
| what is the Gall bladder? |
|
Definition
| -concentrates & stores bile then releases it into duodenum |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 regions of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
Uncinate process, Head, Body, Tail
-Has flimsy CT capsule & forms septa dividing pancreas to lobules |
|
|
Term
| what is the Endocrine Pancreas? |
|
Definition
| - made up of ~a million Islets of Langerhans |
|
|
Term
| what is the Exocrine Pancreas? |
|
Definition
- tubulo-acinar gland
- produces 1200 mLs of proenzymes daily
- 40-50 acinar cells in each acinus; 3-4 centroacinar cells
- in acinar cells, granules containing proenzymes that diminish after meals |
|
|
Term
| CC of the Pancreas-Acute Pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
- proenzymes become active before release from acini
- necrosis of blood vessels, proteolysis of parenchyma, destruction of adipose & destruction of that area of body cavity; often fatal |
|
|
Term
| CC of Pancreas-Pancreatic Cancer |
|
Definition
- 5th leading mortality of all cancers < 50% survive > 1 year
5% survive > 5 years
- men are more susceptible
- smokers 70% greater chance |
|
|
Term
| what are some key features of the endocrine pancreas? |
|
Definition
- has islets of langerhans
- produces Beta- insulin, delta somatostatin, Gastrin, Pancreatic polypeptide (PPF) |
|
|
Term
| what are the islets of langerhans? |
|
Definition
- richly vascularized
- sperical conglomeration of ~ 3000 cells; ~ 1 million islets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- decreases blood sugar
Alpha-glucagon - increases blood sugar |
|
|
Term
| what is Delta - somatostatin? |
|
Definition
| - inhibits hormone release & reduces amilentary canal contractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - stimulates HCl production in stomach |
|
|
Term
| what is Pancreatic polypeptide (PPF)? |
|
Definition
| - inhibits exocrine secretions of pancreas |
|
|
Term
| CC of Endrocrine Pancreas |
|
Definition
[Diabetes mellitus] - hyperglycemic metabolic disorder
Results from:
1. lack of insulin
2. defective insulin receptors on cells
2 forms = type I, II(5-6 X more common) Uncontrolled = circulatory disorders, renal failure, blindness, gangrene, stroke, heart attack |
|
|
Term
| what are some key points of Type I diabetes? |
|
Definition
- insulin dependent - affects juveniles
3 symptoms:
1. polydipsia - constant thirst
2. polyphagia - constant hunger
3. polyuria - excessive urination |
|
|
Term
| what are some key points of Type II? |
|
Definition
- insulin independent
- usually affects age > 40 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Largest gland in body
-4 lobes:
right, left, quadrate, caudate
*Right & left: constitute bulk of liver*
-Endocrine & exocrine from same cell type = hepatocytes --> formation of bile
- enveloped by peritoneum with simple squamous epithelium & dense CT = Glisson's capsule
- bulk = hepatocytes called parenchyma
Nutrients converted by hepatocytes into storage products (i.e. glycogen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Hexagonal shaped lobules
- Where lobules connect are called portal area (aka portal triad)
(hepatic artery, large portal vein, bile ducts), contains lymph vessels
- Hepatocytes radiate out like wheel spokes --> separated by sinusoids where blood enters
- macrophages (Kipffer cells) - associated w/ sinusoids scavengers of antigens & defunctional RBCs |
|
|
Term
| what is the limiting plate? |
|
Definition
| - modified hepatocytes that separates parenchyma |
|
|
Term
| what is the Perisinusoidal Space of Disse? |
|
Definition
- Hepatic microvilli that do not contact w/ bloodstream
- Acts like a compartment
- Contains type II collagen (reticular fibers for structure) |
|
|
Term
| what is some more info on hepatocytes? |
|
Definition
- polygonal; ~20-30 micrometer diameter Plates are 1-2 cells thick
- Lateral domains-face other cells - Sinusoidal domains - face the space of Disse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Toxic degradation product of hemoglobin
-Endocytosed by hepatocytes & converted to water-soluble form
- Some is released in blood but most in bile for excretion w/ feces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - Yellowing of the skin by excessive bilrubin |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 types of jaundice? |
|
Definition
| 1. Obstructive - bile ducts obstructed form decreased conversion to water-soluble form - indicates hepatitis 2. Hemolytic - increase hemolysis of RBCs, big increase in bilrubin that hepatocytes cannot eliminate bilrubin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Small, pear-shaped - on inferior aspect of liver
- Stores ~ 70 mLs of bile
- Function is to store, release bile to duodenum |
|
|
Term
| what are 3 layers of the gall bladder? |
|
Definition
3 layers- from lumen-outward --> epithelium, lamina propria, serosa (adventitia)
- Folded when empty
- Epithelium has interspersed clear & brush cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gall stones (Choleolithiasis)
- More common in women
- Usually occurs in 40's
- Usually small enough to pass; if trapped in hepatic duct --> excruciating pain |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 segments of the Respiratory System? |
|
Definition
1. Conducting - conveys air externally to lungs
2. Respiratory - within lungs; exchange of O2 & CO2 |
|
|
Term
| how is the Conducting of the resp. sys. carried out? |
|
Definition
Nasal cavity --> mouth --> nasopharynx --> pharynx --> larynx --> trachea --> 1* bronchi --> 2 * bronchi --> 3* bronchi --> bronchioles --> terminal bronchioles
- Structure maintained by bone, cartilage, fibrous elements |
|
|
Term
| what is the Nasal Cavity? |
|
Definition
- Divided in halves by a cartilagenous & bony septum
- Communicates with outside via nares = nostrils |
|
|
Term
| what is projecting from the bony area of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
- 3 scroll-like shelves
nasal conchae
superior(anterior)
middle
inferior(posterior)
(stacked) |
|
|
Term
| what does the Posterior Portion do? |
|
Definition
- Lined w/ pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (aka respiratory epithelium)
- Many goblet cells
- CT - vessels, glands, lymph nodes which function to rid inhaled pathogens |
|
|
Term
| what does the anterior portion do? |
|
Definition
- Vicinity of nares & dilated (vestibule)
- Lined w/ skin & has vibrissae - short stiff hairs (sensory)
- Dermis has sweat & sebaceous glands |
|
|
Term
| what is the Olfactory Region of Nasal Cavity? |
|
Definition
| - Roof covered by 60 micrometers thick olfactory epithelium --> underlying epithelium are Bowman's glands which are serous like secretions - lysozyme |
|
|
Term
| what are 3 cell types of olfactory epithelium? |
|
Definition
1. olfactory cells
2. sustentacular cells
3. basal cells |
|
|
Term
| what are Olfactory cells? |
|
Definition
- smell signal transduction
- bipolar neurons - distal portion forms olfactory bulb vesicle |
|
|
Term
| what is an olfactory bulb vesicle? |
|
Definition
- modified dendrite
- 6-8 cilia protruding |
|
|
Term
| what are Sustentacular cells? |
|
Definition
-tall columnar cells with border of microvilli
- provide support, nourishment, electrical in solutions for olfactory cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- short, basophilic, pyramidal shaped
- do not reach surface
- proliferative & replace olfactory & sustentacular cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Nasal mucosa protected from dehydration from blood flow
- Seepage of plasma & also mucous secretions <-- rehydrate every 1/2 hour - Irritants & particulates are removed by the sneeze reflex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
B/w pharynx & trachea
- Rigid, short, cylindrical
- Responsible for sound production & prevents entry of liquids/ food into resp. system during swallowing
- Supported by hyaline cartilage |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 folds of the lumen of the larynx? |
|
Definition
1. Superior vestibular fold - glands, lymphoid elements
2. Inferior vocal fold - modulate sound; not speech
- movement of pharynx, soft palate, tongue, lips
- more relaxed = deeper pitch; males have a larger pharynx = deeper voice |
|
|
Term
| what is the trachea and what are its 3 layers? |
|
Definition
- a tube that begins at larynx and ends at 1* bronchus
- it is reinforced by 10-12 cartilage rings (horseshoe shaped c-rings are hyaline cart. and smooth m.)
1. mucosa
2. submucosa
3. adventitia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- lined by "respiratory epithelium" = pseudo. strat. columnar/ ciliated
- has cells w/ goblets, basals, brush, serous DNES
- same cells contact w/ basal membrane/ not cell contact w/ lumen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- inflammation of laryngeal tissue
- specifically vocal folds(prevents from vibrating)
- horseness/whisper |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- narrow, columnar microvilli - function unknown
-theory is sensory, goblets that have released contents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- columnar, microvilli, secrete serous fluid
- theory = proteoglycans |
|
|
Term
| what are Diffuse Neuroendocrine cellS? |
|
Definition
- contain granules
- secrete substances that controls the function of cells |
|
|
Term
| what is a Bronchial Tree? |
|
Definition
- 1* bronchi --> 2* & 3* (intrapulmonary bronchi) --> bronchioles --> terminal bronchioles(respiratory bronch.):
- branches that decrease in size towards lungs
- decrease in cells, increase in smooth muscle & elastic tissue |
|
|
Term
| what is some more info on the respiratory portion of the bronchial tree? |
|
Definition
- Respiratory Bronchioles have a wall that is interrupted by thin-walled-pouch-like alveoli <-- where gas exchange occurs
- Alveoli --> small alveolar sacs <-- are in clusters
- Gas exchange = between lumen & small capillaries
- ~300 million sacs = spongy consistancy = increase surface area for exchange |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 types of cells in the Walls of Alveolar Sacs? |
|
Definition
1. Type I Pneumocytes - simple squamous epithelium 95%
2. Type II --> cuboidal, 5%; secrete surfactant |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 types of cells in the Walls of Alveolar Sacs? |
|
Definition
1. Type I Pneumocytes - simple squamous epithelium 95%
2. Type II --> cuboidal, 5%; secrete surfactant |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 types of cells in the Walls of Alveolar Sacs? |
|
Definition
1. Type I Pneumocytes - simple squamous epithelium 95%
2. Type II --> cuboidal, 5%; secrete surfactant |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 types of cells in the Walls of Alveolar Sacs? |
|
Definition
1. Type I Pneumocytes - simple squamous epithelium 95%
2. Type II --> cuboidal, 5%; secrete surfactant |
|
|
Term
| CC of the respiratory portion-resp. distress/newborns |
|
Definition
- at Birth the lungs expand w/ 1st breath
- surfactants keep lungs expanded - In those prior to 7 months gestation do not produce enough surfactant - Give artificial surfactant/ glucocorticoids which stimulate type II pneumo. |
|
|
Term
| what is the Endocrine System? |
|
Definition
| regulates metabolism & maintain homeostasis Via hormones |
|
|
Term
| what are glands of the endocrine system?` |
|
Definition
| adrenal (suprarenal), pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid |
|
|
Term
| what is the Pituitary (Hypophysis)? |
|
Definition
- responsible for growth, reproduction, metabolism
- below hypothalamus (controls pituitary gland) of brain in a bony pocket |
|
|
Term
| what are the subdivisions of the pituitary? |
|
Definition
1. Adenohypophysis: (Anterior)
- pars distalis
- pars intermedia
- pars tuberalis
2. Neurohypophysis: (Posterior)
- median eminence
- infundibulum
- pars nervosa |
|
|
Term
| what is the pars distalis? |
|
Definition
- covered by capsule
- parenchymal cells & sinusoidal capillaries |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 classes of parenchymal cells? |
|
Definition
| chromophils, chromophobes - classified according to dye affinity |
|
|
Term
| how are chromophils classified? |
|
Definition
| - as acidophils and basophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- stain dark red to orange
- somatotrophs (secrete somatotrophin [growth hormone]) and mammotrophs (secrete prolactin [a lactation hormone]) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- mostly at periphery of pars distalis
3 subtypes:
corticotrophs - secrete ACTH, LPH, CRH
thyratrophs - TSH
gonadotrophs - FSH, LH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- non-specific stem cells
- theory-degranulated chromophils |
|
|
Term
| what is the P. intermedia? |
|
Definition
- cuboidal cell-lined crypts = Rathke's cysts
- contains basophils --> produce prohormone to MSH |
|
|
Term
| what is the P. tuberalis? |
|
Definition
- surrounds hypophyseal stalk
- cotnains basophils - no known secretion |
|
|
Term
| what is the Post. Pituitary? |
|
Definition
- Dev. from down growth of hypothalamus - Axons from hypothalamus extend into post.-pit.
- Secretions from the axons are oxytocin & vasopressin (ADH) (Antidiuretic Hormone) |
|
|
Term
| what is the Pars Nervosa? |
|
Definition
- Receives terminal ends of axon
- Axons are supported by glial-like cells (pituicytes)
- Herring bodies - store secretions - When oxytocin/ ADH released - into capillaries to blood |
|
|
Term
| what is the Thyroid Gland? |
|
Definition
- In anterior neck - Lobular, surrounded by dense CT - Embedded in capsule are parathyroid glands
- Secretes, thyroxine (T4), triodothronine (T3), (T4 & T3 control metabolic rate) - Calcitonin - controls blood Ca levels & bone Ca storage - Product is stored in follicles = colloid follicles
- Surrounding cells are called Follicular cells or Principle cells
- Parafollicular cells (aka Clear or C cells) |
|
|
Term
| CC of Thyroid-Graves Disease |
|
Definition
- Hyperplasia of follicular cells
- Size of thyroid increases 2-3 x in size
- Secretions increases 5-15 X hyperthyroidism
- Ophthalmopathy - protrusion of eyeballs
- Autoimmune disease - stimulation of TSH receptors which inturn stimulates growth of follicular cells |
|
|
Term
| CC of thyroid-Hypothyroidism |
|
Definition
- Fatigue, sleeping 14-16 hours day, muscular sluggishness
--> cardiac output, vol.; mental slowness, failure of body functions Loss of hair; myxedema - bagginess of eyes & swollen face |
|
|
Term
| CC of thyroid-Clinical Correlation: Cretinism |
|
Definition
- Extreme hypothyroidism
- Fetal --> childhood (cogenital)
- Failure of growth & mental retardation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 4 present on posterior aspect of thyroid CT capsule
- Produces PTH (Parathyroid hormone) - bone, kidneys, GI, to maintain intestinal Ca levels
- Parenchyma composed of chief (PTH) & oxyphil (unknown) cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the Adrenal (Suprarenal)? |
|
Definition
- Superior to kidneys
- Cortex & medulla |
|
|
Term
| what are the three cortex zones of the adrenal? |
|
Definition
1. Zona glomerulosa
2. Zona fasciculata
3. Zona reticularis |
|
|
Term
| what is the Zona glomerulosa? |
|
Definition
| - makes glucorticoids (aldosterone) --> controls fluid balance & electrolyte balance in kidney tubules |
|
|
Term
| what is the Zona fasciculata? |
|
Definition
- largest layer
- has sinusoidal capillaries
- cells have vacuoles of lipids --> spongiocytes
- control & corticosterone <-- carb., fat, metabolism |
|
|
Term
| what is the Zona reticularis? |
|
Definition
| - cells arranged in anastomosing cords --> secrete androgens |
|
|
Term
| CC of adrenal-cushings disease |
|
Definition
- Excess ACTH from tumors
- Causes enlargement of adrenal/ over production of cortisol
- Obesity - mostly in face, swelling of neck, trunk
- Males = impotent;
- Females = amenorrhea (abnormal menstral cycle) |
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Term
| what is the Adrenal Medulla? |
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Definition
- 2 populations of parenchymal cells - Chromaffin cells - produce epinephrine & norepinephrine
- Sympathetic ganglion cells |
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Term
| what is the Pineal Gland? |
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Definition
| - Secretions influence by light/dark periods - Encapsulated/ lobulated - Parenchymal cells: a. pinealocytes - produce melatonin/ serotonin b. interstitial cells - astrocytes - scattered around pinealocytes - Also has - corpora arenacea (brain sand) - mineral deposits - in rings - function unknown |
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