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closely packed cells with little intercellular substance. Basal Layer of cells resting on the basement membrane. No blood vessels (avascular). Layers:
1. Simple-single layer
2. stratified: two or more layers
3. pseudostratified: single layer of cells, however some cells may not reach the free surface. |
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| elongated cells, nucleus near basement membrane. |
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| change in shape from flat to cubodial. |
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| Bind, supports, and strengthens other tissues. Protects and insulates internal organs. Compartmentalizes structures. Major transport system within the body. Primary location of stored energy reserves. Main source of immune responses. |
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cells: fibroblasts
matrix: col;lagenous, elastic and reticular fibers made of protein.
location: deeper layer of skin, walls of blood vessels |
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cells: fibroblasts that store fat called adipocytes.
location: subcutaneous layer deep to skin, around heart and kidneys. |
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irregular: similar to adipose CT
regular: bundles of collagenous fibers (tendons and ligaments) |
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More elastic fibers than collagenous fibers.
location: walls of arteries, trachea and vocal cords. |
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cells: chondoblasts in lacunae (depressions)
location: ears, nasal septum, ends of long bones, and tracheal rings.
types: hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic. |
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firm matrix produced by cells called osteoblasts.
osteoblasts are located in concentric rings called lamella arount a central (Haversian) canal.
Haversian canal contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. |
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| liquid matrix called plasma |
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elasticity, excitability.three types:
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
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| Attached to the bones and controlled at will. Striated. The fibers have many nuclei and their nuclei are found just below the cell membrane. |
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| Found only in the walls of the heart. Resembles skeletal muscle because it is also STRIATED but cardiac tissue has cells that are branched and that interconnect with one another at junctions called INTERCALATED DISCS (appear as dense, dark bands parallel to the striations.) Centrally located nucleus (1) |
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| Controls involuntary functions. Found in the walls of internal organs. Is not striated, it has elongated fibers. Is responsible for mixing and propelling food through the digestive tract and moving urine through the urinary tract. It also helps move blood through the blood vessels. |
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| Neruon is the basic unit of structure and function in the nervous system. Neuron-Cell body(soma) contains a single nucleus, dendrites, and one axon.A gap between two neurons is called a synapse. Nerve fibers commonly occur in bundles called nerves |
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A solvent moves from a region of high pressure to a region of lower pressure through a semi-permable membrane. Factors that affect filtration are the size of the suspended molecules and the size of the surface area of the cell membrane. Filtration occurs in the kidneys to process blood to form urine( large blood cells and proteins are not filtered out into urine so they remain in the blood)
EXPERIMENT:Substances are pushed through a membrane by pressure. (substances pushed through filter paper). Solute and Solvent small enough will pass through the pores of the filter paper (hydrostatic pressure) |
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| the pressure that pushes a substance through a membrane (Filtration) |
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The movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until a uniform distribution is reached. Molecules move along a concentration gradient. TYPES: Diffusion of a gas into a gas, diffusion of a solid into a colloidal solution, diffusion of a solid in a liquid)
EXPERIMENT:purple dye (molecular weight 158) and orange dye (molecular weight 327) placed about 1cm apart on the surface of agar. |
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| (Diffusion of a solid in a colloidal solution) Particles are uniformly distributed in the solvent but do not dissolve to form a true solution (do not pass through a semi-permable membrane) |
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| (Diffusion of a solid in a colloidal solution)Solutes able to diffuse through channels in the membrane. |
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Process where 2 solutions contain molecules of different sizes and are separated by a semi-permable membrane, the larger the colloid molecules may be separated from the smallercrystalloid molecules.
-rate of diffusion is dependent upon the concentration gradient.
-molecules too large to pass through the membrane remain behind (as in the artificial kidney)
EXPERIMENT: Wet and open the dialysis tubing and tie off one end to form a bag.fill the bag with the prepared solution of starch, nacl, glucose and egg albumin. Immerse bag in water->NACL diffuses through[small], Starch does not [large], Glucose does [small], albumin does [small] |
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Diffusion of water (solvent) through a semi-permable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.
ISOTONIC SOLUTION-when 2 solutions contain the same number of solute molecules and the water is no longer diffusing
EXPERIMENT:Decalcified Eggs->place 2 regular egg in vinegar for 24 to 48 hours. Then place one egg in vinegar and one egg in karo syrup for 30 to 60 minutes.
-Egg in water weighs more than egg in karo syrup. This is because the egg placed in the water gained water(hypotonic solution) and the egg placed in karo syrup lost water(hypertonic solution). |
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| the solution contains more particles than the cells. Water moves out of the cell by osmosis->cell shrinks of crenates. |
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contains fewer solute particles than thecell.
water enters the cell, the cell swells and bursts->lysis.
lysis of red blood cells:hemolysis |
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| requiring significant expenditure of energy |
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requiring little or no energy
-filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and dialysis. |
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| the liquid that does the dissolving |
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| Osmosis with Red Blood Cells |
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3 beakers with water and different amounts of NaCl.
beaker (a)Isotonic Solution (cloudy), nothing happens to the cell
beaker (b) RBC undergoes hemolysis - Hyportonic Solution (cloudy)
Beaker (C) RBC undergoes crenation -Hypertonic Solution [clear]
.9% NaCl->Isotonic (below is hypertonic and above is hypotonic)
5.0% Glucose->Isotonic (below is hypo and above is hyper. |
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