Term
| What does the mammalian female reproductive system consist of? |
|
Definition
-two ovaries
-two oviducts (uterine tubes)
-uterus
-vagina
-vulva
-mammary glands |
|
|
Term
| Outline the path of the oocyte |
|
Definition
-begins in ovary: meiosis and grows to its mature size
-released into the oviduct
-fertilized in the oviduct and completes meiosis
-transported to uterus: placenta forms and embryo develops |
|
|
Term
| The ovary is endocrine or exocrine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the ovary secrete? |
|
Definition
-sex steroids
-estrogen
-progesterone
-in some species: relaxin (polypeptide hormone) |
|
|
Term
| What is the special name for ovary epithelium? Histologically describe it. |
|
Definition
-germinal epithelium
-simple squamous or cuboidal epi |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Tunic albuginea |
|
Definition
| -layer of dense CT that underlies germinal epi of the ovary |
|
|
Term
| What are the two general regions of the ovary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure and contents of the ovary medulla |
|
Definition
-deeper portion of ovary
-primarily areolar CT, contains larger blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
-NO OOCYTES HERE |
|
|
Term
| Describe the stricter and contents of the ovary cortex |
|
Definition
-peripheral zone of ovary (except in mare)
-contains follicles and corpora lutea |
|
|
Term
| Describe the stroma of the ovary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the ovary of a mare |
|
Definition
| -the oocytes and follicles are in the deeper region of the ovary |
|
|
Term
| Ovulation occurs at a specialized region called the what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 levels of oocyte follicle development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Definition and Histologically Describe: Primordial follicles |
|
Definition
| -an oocyte with its associated squamous follicle cells |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Primary oocytes |
|
Definition
| -the precursors of oocytes begin meiosis and proceed to prophase of the first meiotic division and arrest |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Follicle Cells |
|
Definition
| -squamous cells that surround primary oocytes |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Primary Follicles |
|
Definition
| -an oocyte with one or more layers of granulosa cells filling the follicle is a primary follicle |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Granulosa Cells |
|
Definition
| -complete layer of cuboidal follicle cells that surround primary follicles |
|
|
Term
| Primary follicle oocyte secretes what? for what purpose? |
|
Definition
-secretes glycoproteins
-assemble to form the Zona Pellucida |
|
|
Term
| Definition and Function: Zona Pellucida |
|
Definition
-sphere around the oocyte made of glycoproteins
-serves as mechanical protection for the oocyte and has important rose during fertilization |
|
|
Term
| Stromal cells surrounding the follicle differentiate into the what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Definition: Theca folliculi externa cells |
|
Definition
| -theca cells are fibroblasts that are arranged circumferentially |
|
|
Term
| Definition: theca folliculi interca cells |
|
Definition
| -clusters of theca cells that are more spherical cells that will secrete steroids |
|
|
Term
| Secondary/antral follicles have a larger/smaller diameter and no longer uniformly filled with cells, instead have what? |
|
Definition
-larger
-Antrum: fluid-filled space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fluid-filled space in secondary/antral follicles
-filled with follicular fluid |
|
|
Term
| What is follicular fluid composed of? |
|
Definition
| -blood plasma, other secretions from granulosa cells |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Mural granulosa cells of the Secondary/antral follicles |
|
Definition
| -those cells that line the wall of the secondary follicle |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Cumulus oophorus of secondary/antral follicle |
|
Definition
| -the goup of granulosa cells that surrounds the secondary oocyte and will be ovulated with it |
|
|
Term
| What do granulosa cells in antral follicles secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the theca internal cells in the secondary follicles secret? |
|
Definition
| -secrete androgens (including testosterone) thich diffuse into the granulosa cells, which convert the androgens to estrogens (including estradiol) |
|
|
Term
| Describe how the mature follicle forms? |
|
Definition
| -follicle enlarges and moves closer to the surface of the ovary=> cumulus oophorus detaches from the mural granulosa=> oocyte resumes meiosis and completes the first meiotic division with the formation of the first polar body and arrests at metaphase of the second meiotic division=> first polar body forms after ovulation=> follicle wall breaks down at surface of the ovary=> cumulus oophorus exts and enters oviductal lumen at the infundibulum |
|
|
Term
| What is the exception to the following statement: ooctyes arrests at metaphase of the second meiotic division |
|
Definition
| -Bitch: in which the oocyte is ovulated at about metaphase I |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Follicular atresia |
|
Definition
-degeneration of majority of follicles b/c they do not proceed to ovulation
-oocyte degenerates and CT cells breach the wall and eventually the follicle is converted to CT |
|
|
Term
| Outline corpus Luteum Formation (after ovulation) |
|
Definition
-follicle wall becomes folded
-blood fills the antrum and clots, the bloody follicle is called a corpus hemorrhagicum
-granulosa cells proliferate and differentiate into larger granulosa lutein cells
- |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Corpus hemorrhagicum |
|
Definition
| -bloody follicle that forms during corpus luteum formation when blood fills the antrum and clots |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Granulosa lutein cells |
|
Definition
| -larger cells that granulosa cells proliferate and differentiate into during corpus luteum formation |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Theca lutein cells |
|
Definition
-look like small granulosa lutein cells
-they develop from theca interna cells |
|
|
Term
Definition: Corpus luteum
-what does it secrete? |
|
Definition
-lutein cells, CT cells, and blood vessels fill the space of the former follicle
-secretes progesterone and relaxin (in some species) |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the corpus luteim if fertilization does not occur? And fertilization does occur? |
|
Definition
-corpus luteum degenerates and is replaced by CT
-corupus luteum persists |
|
|
Term
| Definition: corpus albicians |
|
Definition
| -the fibrous, acellular mass that results from corpus luteum degeneration |
|
|
Term
| What are the divisions of the oviduct? What generally happens in each? |
|
Definition
-Infundibulum: funnel-shaped opening into the peritoneal cavity
-ampulla: cranial region in which fertilization occurs
-Isthmus: narrow medial third
-Interstitial region: portion traversing the uterine wall |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Tunica Mucosa of the oviduct? |
|
Definition
| -highly branched and folded (especially in infundibulum and ampulla) |
|
|
Term
Describe the mucosal epi of the oviduct
-what two types of cells does it contain? |
|
Definition
-simple columnar
-ciliated and non-ciliated secretory cells |
|
|
Term
| Describe the ciliated cells of the mucosal epithelium of the oviduct |
|
Definition
-ciliated
-ciliary beating causes caudad fluid flow to move the oocyte toward the uterus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the non-ciliated secretory cells of the mucosal epi of the oviduct |
|
Definition
-termed Peg cells
FINISH LATER |
|
|
Term
| Describe the macroscopic structure of the uterus |
|
Definition
| -bicornuate with a single cervix |
|
|
Term
| Describe the wall layers of the uterus |
|
Definition
-Endometrium: tunica mucosa and submucosa
-Myometrium: tunica muscularis
-covered by thin tunica serosa |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of the endometrium of the uterus? |
|
Definition
-Stratum compactum
-Stratum spongiosum
-Stratum basalis |
|
|
Term
| Describe the epithelium of the endometrium of the uterus |
|
Definition
| -simple columnar and uterine glands (distal portions in lamina propria/ tunica submucosa) |
|
|
Term
| What do the uterine glands secrete in the endometrium of the uterus? What is this called? |
|
Definition
-mucus, glycogen, proteins, and lipids
-"uterine milk": promotes dev of early embryo |
|
|
Term
Definition: Caruncles
-in what species are they found? |
|
Definition
-areas of uterus endometrium that does not contain glands but are rich in blood vessels and are sites at which maternal tissues will contact extraembryonic membranes in the placenta
-found in ruminants |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure/contents of the myometrium |
|
Definition
-consists of thick layers of smooth muscle (inner circular, outer longitudinal)
-b/n two muscle layers is a region rich in glood vessels (stratum vasculare) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -a narrow channel from the vagina to the uterus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the macroscopic structure of the cervix |
|
Definition
-thick-walled and muscular, much elastic CT
-walls extensively folded, forming crypts |
|
|
Term
Describe the epi of the cervix
-functional importance?
-during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
-simple columnar with many mucus cells
-mucus helps prevent entry of microorganisms into the upper tract
-during pregnancy: mucus is thicker to form a cervical seal against entry of foreign material and increases in thickness during proestrus and estrus |
|
|
Term
Describe the epi of the vagina
-during estrus? |
|
Definition
-stratified squamous, usually nonglandular
-keratinizes during estrus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the macroscopic structure of the tunica mucosa and submucosa of the vagina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can lymphocytes/lymphatic nodules be found in the vagina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cranial portion of the vagina has a what? The caudal portion? |
|
Definition
-cranial has a tunica serosa
-caudal has a tunica adventitia |
|
|
Term
| Sperm transport to the site of fertilization due to what? |
|
Definition
| -due mainly to contractions of the wals of the female tract but requires sperm motility |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the sperm's acrosome just before fertilizing the egg? |
|
Definition
| -sperm's acrosome undergoes exocytosis (acrosome rxn) and contents of acrosome are released and may aid the sperm in penetrating the materials surround the egg |
|
|
Term
| Where are the secretory units of mammary glands located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the active mammary gland, what do the alveolar secretory units produce? |
|
Definition
| -protein, lactose, and lipids for the pdn of milk |
|
|
Term
| What separates the secretory tissue of the mammary gland into lobules? |
|
Definition
-CT capsules
-contains about 200 alveoli |
|
|
Term
| The epithelium of the alveolus is surrounded by what? Function? |
|
Definition
-myoepithelial cells
-respond to the pituitary hormone oxytoin by contracting to drive milk out of the alveolus |
|
|
Term
| In a female that has recently given birth, what are scattered around the alveoli and produce what? |
|
Definition
-plasma cells
-produce antibodies that are secreted with the milk to provide some passive immunity to the newborn |
|
|
Term
| Outline the duct system of the mammary glands |
|
Definition
| intercalated ducts=> intralobular=> interlobular=> intralobar=> interlobar=> lactiferous/collecting ducts=> gland sinus=> teat sinus=> teat/streak canal |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the smooth muscle sphincter deep to the teat canal? |
|
Definition
| -keeps it closed as a barrier to infection |
|
|
Term
| What happens to milk production ceases? |
|
Definition
| -alveoli regress such that essentially only ducts are apparent in the gland |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the Female Repro Tract? General functions? |
|
Definition
-ovaries (2): follicle dev, ovulation, endocrine function
-oviducts or uterine tubes (2): location of oocyte fertilization
-uterus: formation of placenta and embryo development
-lower repro tract: cervix and vagina
-mammary gland: considered to be part of repro system, also part of integumentary system |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the ovaries? |
|
Definition
-secretes estrogen and progesterone
-oocyte begins meiosis and matures here
-oocyte released from ovary into oviduct |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the oviduct? |
|
Definition
-oocyte is fertilized here and completes meiosis
-oocyte transported ot uterus |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the uterus? |
|
Definition
| -placenta formation and embryo development |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of epi of the ovaries? |
|
Definition
-surface epi/germinal epi: simple squamous or cuboidal
-Tunica albuginea: dense CT |
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the ovaries? |
|
Definition
-cortex: follicles and corpora lutea and loose CT tissue stroma
-Medulla: loose CT, blood vessels, lymphatics and nn, no oocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the exception in the mare ovaries? |
|
Definition
-oocytes and follicles are deep in ovary
-ovulation occurs at ovulation fossa |
|
|
Term
| Describe the ovarian cortex |
|
Definition
-surface epi: simple squamous to cuboidal
-tunica albuginea: dense CT |
|
|
Term
| What structures are in the ovarian cortex? |
|
Definition
-follicles: primordial follicles, primary follicles, secondary/antral follicles, mature/graafian follicles, atretic follicles
-corpus luteum
-theca folliculi: theca externa and theca interna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-formation and development of ova
-occurs in 2 stages: mitosis (multiplication: exact copies, only happens in early dev) and meiosis (gamete formation: produces haploid cells) |
|
|
Term
| When do oogobia undergo mitosis? |
|
Definition
| -in the beginning of fetal development |
|
|
Term
| What kind of oocytes are in primordial follicles? |
|
Definition
| -primary oocytes: arrested during prophase of first meiotic division (prophase I) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure/components of the primordial follicles |
|
Definition
-contain primary oocytes
-single layer of flattened (squamous) follicular cells (become cuboidal or columnar called granulosa cells)
-individual or clustered at cortex periphery
-zona pellucida: devs b/n oocyte and follicular cells
-surrounding stromal cells organize and form theca folliculi |
|
|
Term
| What kind of oocyte is contained in a secondary/antral follicle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of granulosa cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the distinguishing characteristic of a secondary follicle? |
|
Definition
| -has a fluid-filled space (antrum) in the granulosa cell layer |
|
|
Term
| Discuss the structure of the theca folliculi in the secondary follicle |
|
Definition
-develops into two layers:
-theca interna (rounded cells)
-theca externa (spindle cells) |
|
|
Term
| What is the corona radiate? |
|
Definition
| -layer of granulosa cells that are attached to zona pellucida in the secondary folliclek |
|
|
Term
| Where are mural granulosa cells in the secondary follicle? |
|
Definition
| -line the wall of the follicle |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Cumulus oophorus |
|
Definition
| -group of granulosa cells that surround oocyte |
|
|
Term
| What are the two layers of the theca follicular? Their contents? Functions? |
|
Definition
-Theca interna (rounded cells): secrete androgens (estrogen precursors), granulosa cells convert androgents to estrogens (estradiol)
-Theca externa (spindle cells): layer of stromal cells with no endocrine function |
|
|
Term
| What kind of oocytes are in mature/Graafian follicles? |
|
Definition
| -secondary oocyte (primary oocyte completes meiosis I and becomes secondary oocyte) |
|
|
Term
| True or False: All secondary follicles progress to maturity and ovulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histologically describe a mature/Graafian follicle |
|
Definition
-follicular antrum enlarges markedly
-primary oocyte completes meiosis I and becomes secondary oocyte
=>in bitch and mare, meiosis I completes after ovulation to form secondary oocyte in oviduct |
|
|
Term
| Describe the journey of the Mature/Graafian follicle |
|
Definition
-follicle enlarges and moves closer to surface of ovary
-cumulus oophorus detaches from mural granulosa cells
-follicle wall breaks down at ovarian surface
-cumulus oophorus and oocyte exit ovary=> enter oviduct at the infundibulum |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Atretic follicles |
|
Definition
-most follicles do not ovulate but instead degenerate: called atresia (forms atretic follicles)
-oocyte degenerates
-CT infiltrates follicular wall
-eventually, follicle is replaced by CT |
|
|
Term
| When does the corpus luteum form? |
|
Definition
-forms after ovulation
-follicle wall becomes folded=> blood fills the antrum and clots (corpus hemorrhagicum)=> granulosa cells proliferate and differentiate into larger granulosa lutein cells that form corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the corpus luteum with fertilization? Without fertilization? |
|
Definition
-corpus luteum persists, time depends on species
-sopus luteum degenerates and is replaced by CT (corpus albicans) |
|
|
Term
| The corpus luteum is composed of large _________ cells |
|
Definition
-granulosa lutein cells
-accompanied by CT and blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the granulosa lutein cells in the corpus luteim? |
|
Definition
| -secrete progesterone and sometimes relaxin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-also called uterine tubes or Fallopian tubes
-tube between ovary and uterus |
|
|
Term
| What are the segments of the oviduct? |
|
Definition
-infundibulum: funnel-shaped opening
-ampulla: cranial region, location of fertilization
-isthmus: narrow medial third
-interstitial region: portion traversing uterine wall |
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the oviducts? |
|
Definition
-tunica mucosa: highly branched and folded: lamina epithelialis (simple columnar epi) and lamina propria (loose CT)
-tunica muscularis: smooth m; contracts to move fluid, oocyte, and sper, |
|
|
Term
| Where does sperm deposit? |
|
Definition
-mare: uterine
-sow: cervical
-others: vaginal |
|
|
Term
| What is the site of fertilization? |
|
Definition
| -ampulla of oviduct: sperm transport is due mainly to contractions of walls of female tract |
|
|
Term
| Describe the epi of the oviduct. What cells does it contain? |
|
Definition
-simple columnar epi
-Cells: ciliated cells and peg cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the ciliated cells? Peg cells? |
|
Definition
-Ciliated cells: cilia cause caudad fluid flow and move oocyte toward uterus
-Peg cells: non-ciliated secretory cells |
|
|
Term
| Describe the macroscopic structure of the uterus |
|
Definition
| -bicornate (two-horns) in most species with a single body and cervix |
|
|
Term
| What animals have a duplex uterus? |
|
Definition
| -lagamorphs and marsupials |
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the uterus? |
|
Definition
-Endometrium: tunica mucosa and tunica submucosa
-Myometrium: tunica muscularis
-serosal surface |
|
|
Term
| Describe the epi and glands of the endometrium of the uterus |
|
Definition
-epi: simple columnar epi
-glands: cimple or branched tubular glands |
|
|
Term
| Describe the layers of the myometrium |
|
Definition
| -inner circular and outer longitudinal |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Stratum vasculare |
|
Definition
| -region rich in blood vessels between the two muscle layers |
|
|
Term
| What are the cells of the serosal surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the lamina epithelialis (surface pi)mucosae of the uterus |
|
Definition
| -simple columnar epi: may have patches of pseudostratified epi or cuboidal epi |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of the endometrium of the uterus? |
|
Definition
-stratum compactum
-stratum spongiosum
-stratum basalis |
|
|
Term
| Describe the endometrial variation throughout the estrous cycle |
|
Definition
-height of epi and cytoplasmic development varies with stage of estrus
-distal portion of glands can be coiled |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the uterine glands? |
|
Definition
| -secrete glycofen, mucus, glycoproteins, and lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -in ruminants: endometrial regions that are devoid of uterine glands but are highly vascularized: sites of maternal contact with fetal mems (cotyledons of the placenta) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the myometrium of the uterus |
|
Definition
-tunica muscularis
-thick layers of smooth muscle: inner circular, outer longitudinal
-Stratum vasculare: region rich in blood vessels between the two muscle layers |
|
|
Term
| Describe the cervix of the female repro tract |
|
Definition
-narrow channel from vagina to uterus
-typically thick-walled and muscular (smooth m) with abundant elastic CT
-walls are extensively folded and form crypts |
|
|
Term
| Describe the epi of the cervix |
|
Definition
-simple columnar with mucous cells
-mucus protects upper tract from entry of microorganisms to form cervical seal |
|
|
Term
| Describe the epi of the vagina |
|
Definition
| -lined by stratified squamous epi: usually non-glandular, inc in thickness during proestrus and estrus (keratinizes during estrus in rodents and carnivoers) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the tunica mucosa and tunica submucosa of the vagina |
|
Definition
-highly folded
-lymphocytes may be found in CT of these layers |
|
|
Term
| Describe the arrangement of the tunica serosa and tunica adventitia in the vagina |
|
Definition
-tunica serosa is cranial
-tunica adventitia is caudal |
|
|
Term
| Where is the secretory tissue located in the mammary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Definition: Mammary gland |
|
Definition
| -sompound tubuloalveolar gland |
|
|
Term
| The mammary gland consists of what in the bovine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Active mammary gland is mostly _________ as opposed to the inactive that is mostly _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the secretory component of the mammary gland? |
|
Definition
-Epi cells lining alveoli/adenomeres: columnar cells with apical blebs
-Cells of intralobular ducts: sensory columnar cells and cuboidal cells |
|
|
Term
| In the mammary gland: adenomeres are grouped into ____(a)____ by CT and groups of ____(a)_____ surrounded by CT septa called _____(b)_____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the epi of the adenomere of the mammary gland |
|
Definition
| -simple cuboidal or columnar epi |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the adenomere in the mammary gland? |
|
Definition
-secretes proteins, lipids, and lactose=> milk
-proteins and carbohydrates- merocrine secretion
-lipids= apocrine secretion |
|
|
Term
| Where do myoepithelial cells lie in the mammary gland? |
|
Definition
| -lie between epithelial cells and basement membrane of adenomere |
|
|
Term
| What causes myoepithelial cells to contract? |
|
Definition
| -oxytocin (from pituitary gland) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of exocrine excretion? |
|
Definition
-merocrine
-apocrine
-holocrine |
|
|
Term
| Which gland in the skin secretes by holocrine mode? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do myoepethelia cells relate to adnomeres? |
|
Definition
| -they form a layer around adnomeres and squeeze it to force milk out |
|
|
Term
| Outline the path of milk from the adenomere to the teat sinus |
|
Definition
| adenomere (alveolar secretory unit)=> intercalated duct=> intraloblar duct=>Interlobular duct=>intralobular duct=>interlobar ducts (primary ducts)=>lactiferous (collecting) ducts=> glandTeat sinus=> exits through teat canal (streak canal) sinus (milk sinus) => |
|
|
Term
| Teat canal has ___________ sphincter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is/are seen in the uterus and not the oviduct?
-smooth m
-columnar epi
-tunica serosa
-stratum vasculare
-tubular glands |
|
Definition
-stratum vasculare
-tubular glands |
|
|
