-Basale and Spinosum Layers

-Mitosis occurs here only

-Contains melanocytes, langerhans, and merkel's cells

-Basale (Germinativum)

-Spinosum

-Granulosum

-Lucidum

-Corneum

(Listed from bottom layer to top and going from cuboidal to squamos)

-contain macrophages

-initiate immune responses

-increase phagocytosis

-nodular (B-cells)

-PALS (T-cells) surrounds central a.

-filters

-splenic cords (line w/ phagocytes)

-separated by venous sinuses to remove old platelets, RBC's, WBC's, etc.

splenic a.---->trabeculae a.---->central a.

(central a. is covered in nodular lymphoid tissues, ie. whilte pulp)

Spleen

-filters blood

-red pulp

-white pulp

-make stroma

-make Hassall's corpuscles (thymus only)

-Organ (not gland)

-lubulated (lobules made by T-lymphocytes)

-not nodular (no B-cells)

-reticuloepithelial cells

-site of T-cell processing and maturation

-lymph filters

-cortex is nodular tissue (B-cells)

-both afferent and efferent lymph vessels (only place for afferent flow of lymph)

-humoral immune response

-produce plasma cells (produce antibodies)

-the thymus

-Job is defense, do work in ct.

-Diapedesis (leave circ. system) flatten to pass out of pores

-Most common are lymphocytes & eosinophils

-Special endothelium

-Has T-cells

-"Thymic dependent zone"

-Plasma cells (produce antibodies)

-Macrophages (in lymph tissue are called "littoral cells")

-attract T cells to paracortex

-lined w/ cuboidal endothelium

-single layer, cuboidal to columnar

-darkest staining

-bottom layer

-mitosis occurs

-has many hemidesmosomes to anchor

-mitosis occurs

-varies from thin-thick skin (up tp 15 layers thick)

-see spiney little processes btwn. cells (cytokeratin filaments)

-sweat glands

-sebaceous glands

-hair follicles

-nails

= skin cells (stratified squamos)

-go from cuboidal to squamos (deep to superficial)

-found at every layer

-5-6 cells thick

-contains little basophlic granules (two types:  keratinsomes and keratohyalin)

-last living layer

-part of granulosum

-act as a glue by passing from one cell to another and sealing it off.

-part of granulosum

-precursor to keratin

-cells are dead at this point (bags of keratin)

-thick skin only

-clear layer

-eleiden-softer version of keratin

-top layer

-keratin is cornified

-protective layer

-skin cell in malphigian layer

-come from neural crest

-produce pigmentation for skin (melanin)

-secreted via cytocrine secretion (injected into cytoplasm of keratinocytes in spinosum layer)

-protect from skin cancer

-irregular cells in malphigian layer

-make catecholamines (neurotransmitter)

-thought to be mechanoreceptors

-irregular cells

-come from blood monocytes

-have antibodies "antigen presenting cell"

-only found in malpighian layer

-contain Birbeck Granules

-vasculature

-lymphocytes

-fibroblasts

-macrophages

-fibrous bed of dermis

-collagen

-fibroblasts

-sweat glands

Langer's lines

-collagen bundles in reticular layer of dermis

-in surgery cut parallel to avoid scarring

-arrector pili (smooth muscle)

-hair stand on end

-Hair unit, 3 parts:

hair follicle

arrector pili muscle

sebaceous gland

Matrix cells do what?

-produce hair

-melanin

What type of sweat glad is your "typical" sweat gland? (Majority of sweat glands)

What type of secretion?

Primary fxn?

-eccrine

-merocrine

-evaporative cooling

Type of sweat gland for the ol' pooper?

Type of secretion?

Primary fxn?

-apocrine

 (3 A's:  axillary (armpit), areolar, and anus)

-also merocrine (NOT apocrine)

 -produce phermones

-the cuticle

-str. corneum

Largest of papillae?

-circumvallate

Receptor cells of the taste buds?

-neuroepithelium

-sensitive to ions (taste recpetion)

Structural cells of the taste buds?

Which duct carries saliva from the parotid gland into the oral cavity?

Type of product?

-Stenson's duct

-serous

-mucosa

-submucosa

-muscularis externa

-serosa

-lined by mucosal epithelium underscored by lamin propria

-thin layer of smooth muscle "muscularis mucosae"

What is the general muscle arrangement in the gut tube?

-loose ct. tissue

-contains vasculature, lymphoid tissue

-in the submucosal layer of the gut tube.

-same arrangement inner: circular, outer: longitudinal

-does peristalsis

-Auerbachs plexi (parasympathetic) btwn. the two muscle layers

-ct. covering

-two types: serosa and adventitia

-serosa=moveable (ie. body of esophagus), adventitia=fixed (ie. esophagus in throat) 

Cell type found in proximal convoluted tubule?

 Cell type found in thin limb of loop of Heinle?

Cell type found in distal convoluted tubule?

Collecting tubules?

-low columnar w/microvilli and basal infoldings

 -simple squamos

 -cuboidal w/basal and lateral infoldings

-cuboidal

-Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells

 -Macula densa

-Lacis cells

-extraglomerular mesengial cells

-keep are of junction clean. 

-dark spot of jxn. 

-the pars nervosa

-the infundibular stalk (ie. the median emminence and infundibular stem)

-pars distalis

-pars tuberalis

-pars intermedia

Two products released (not synthesized) by the pars nervosa of the neurohypophysis?

-oxytocin

-ADH (vasopressin)

The macrophages (phagocytic cells) of the lungs are called?

-primordial

-primary

-secondary

-mature

-oocyte and zona pellucida surrounded by cuboidal granulosa cells

Secondary oocyte

-body (hole) keft over after oocyte is released

-if implantation occurs this becomes an endocrine gland producing progesterone (known as yellow body)

Corpus albicans

-same body as c. luteum but... 

-"white body"

-if no implantation occurs this becomes scar tissue

-seminal vesicles

-prostate

-bulbourethral

-Sertoli cells

Sertoli cells fuse together via?

-blood testis barrier

-support (sustentacular)

-secretion (growth factors)

-provide nutrients

-phagocytosis

-used to be called "Nurse cells"