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: illegal and informal, illicit trade involving Spanish colonies and Europe, trading tobacco
o sign of loss of Spanish autonomy and power, while they were losing power on African coast
o French and Dutch and English gaining power → pirates! South Seas = S America
o before Napoleonic Wars – early 1700s
o significant: led to Bourbon reforms, mobilization of trade; dismantled Spanish influence in Latin America → monopoly weakening by 1550
• all countries trying to consolidate their trades or figuring out a way to continue to receive revenue from them |
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artificial nation, created in Brazil by African slaves to identify themselves as a group vs ‘social death’
o Coromantee the name of African slave port but the peoples of the ‘nation’ of different ethnicities
o significance: taking control of their identity, reasserting identities (POLITICAL), another form of ethnogenesis: new people forming a new people solidarity based on common experience, despite of initial lack of group cohesion they can still come together
o mixing nations varied from place to place , ethnogenesis not necessarily occurring in the same way everywhere throughout colonies→ context specific |
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| settlements of runaway slaves. Some of these communities were semi-permanent and carried on their own trade, grew crops, raised families, and avoided slave catchers. Maroons often displayed a high sense of communal attachment as a means to avoid slave catchers. Some settlements, like Palmares, developed uniquely African patterns of settlement. Significance? The maroons were an alternative society in all ways (political, economic, social) that threatened the established slave order. In places with huge maroon communities, like Brazil, the maroons acted as a place of cultural exchange and community that contributed to the creation of a uniquely Afro-Brazilian culture. |
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| fugitive community of slaves in northeastern Brazil from 1600-1694. Thousands of inhabitants lived in Palmares. Society and government derived from a mix of Central African customs. Established a defense system that repelled Portuguese and dutch efforts to destroy it. After existing for more than 90 years, Palmares was destroyed in 1695. |
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| Boroque city, place for gathering, selling goods on the market, religious activities/ festivals. the plaza served as the common public area. Also served to integrate the residents of the city into western culture/society and religion as an important social gathering point. |
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| act of faith”--inquisition-style punishment, a public event in which the convicted were punished for immoral behavior or blasphemy. Most of these acts of faith occurred at the turn of the 17th century. Severe punishment like death was more rare in the colonies than it had been on the peninsula. Most inquisitorial punishments were handed out to Spaniards and other foreigners who came to the new world who did not have “purity of blood”-- like jews and muslims who had only recently converted. Indigenous peoples were deemed innocent by ignorance |
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| - open to mostly Spanish women and few mixed bloods for those who could not or did not want to become married. Women were segregated from men in accordance with the social order. Women gained a degree of social freedom in the convents, however. The convents served to maintain the existing social order as the nuns were divided based on the class of family they came from- most families provided a pittance for their daughters. The convents then took the endowment from the families and invested it in the most white families, reinforcing the existing order. |
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| a participant in slaving expeditions in Brazil used to round up natives to become slaves. The bandierantes often were allowed to keep slaves for themselves, and the ringleaders (bandeiras) amassed wealth and authority--this created a social heirarchy on the Brazilian frontier w/ the bandeiras at the top, bandierantes, and then natives. Also contributed to the further destruction of native culture. |
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| natives from Chile area. The Mapuche lived in “frontier zones” and did not have a structured political system. During and after the Spanish conquest, the Mapuche proved to be some of the most difficult to conquer. Spanish settlements were made that were subsequently abandoned by the rest of the colonists. In this area, the Mapuche’s fierce opposition lead to some Spaniards becoming integrated into indigenous society. |
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| Jesuit missions of Paraguay |
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| Jesuits settled the wilderness regions of the paraguay and uraguay rivers at the end of the 16th century relatively successfully--introduced natives to western culture established churches, etc. In the 1700s brazilian slavehunters invaded many settlements to the point that the Jesuits had to arm the natives. Important that the natives armed and beat the slave raiders because it returned the natives to a warrior people, like they were before the conquest. |
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| belonged to an important political family in Spain, Galvez was one of the main people behind the Bourbon reforms. He had the position of the minister of the council of the indes, as essentially head honcho in Latin America. Under Galvez, colonial revenues increased from 6 million pesos to 12 million in a matter of 10 years. Lead the expulsion of the Jesuits. The expulsion causes great uproar in the colonies, so Galvez got many of the jesuits put into life imprisonments |
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| “La Republica de los Barrios” (S. Luis Potosi, 1767)- |
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: quasi-democratic republic set up by people in Potosi
o 1767 – tried to establish form of republicanism, but also monarchical, because they gave 3 kings : one negro, one indigenous, one Spanish
• solidarity because they’re all together, but also different
• lasted for like 6 weeks, Spanish said “no” and it was ended (it was a revolt) |
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| The Dispute over the New World |
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| Debate over legitimacy of Spanish sovereignty. Papal Bull originally sanctified the conquest. Las Casas: Spaniards committing mortal sin. Vitoria: spaniards justification wrong but at the time they thought it was legal. |
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| - new authority position introduced in bourbon reforms as a means to collect more tribute and increase efficiency. Many of the intendants were corrupt, and creoles were angered by the intendants power, given that most of them were from the peninsula. One aspect in why the bourbon reforms lead to independence. |
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| - leader of the Haitian revolution. Born a slave, but learned French and was freed by his master. The revolution did not end swiftly; l”ouverture had to consolidate his army’s power on the island. To do so, he tried unsuccessfully to reestablish the plantation system. This began l’Ouverture’s estrangement from his followers. In 1803 l”ouverture was captured by the French and died in jail. |
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| Caribe, Cariba => what Spanish thought they heard when they asked the Caribbean natives who they were. Figueroa established |
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| “the coexistence,” from 711-1492, when Jews, Muslim and Catholics lived in peace together → Al-Andalus |
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| Muslim under Spanish king in reconquista, didn’t convert to Christianity, Christians who lived under Muslim rules, adopted Islamic culture but retained their own religion |
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| moors, converted; went to New World as convertors and conquerors, who the auto-de-fe concentrated on for punishment |
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| Prince Henry “the Navigator |
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| caravel boat enabled exploration of Africa that led to Atlantic slave trade |
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| Portuguese word for ‘degraded,’ an convict exile, sent to foreign lands and especially important to the Portuguese in thw 15th and 16th cen in terms of colony building. This is how Salvador was founded. some went native |
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| 1455, papal decree that Christians can capture infidels as long as they are not Christian and the people who conquer will educate them → reaction to African slaves being brought to Portugal, justifies the conquest later on and slavery as well. |
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| slave colonies that displayed a significant autonomy, threatened slave society and colonial society; where the maroons lived; important to Afro-Caribbean culture because they symbolize the independent state and they still exist |
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| specific quilombo; HUGE, freedom, democracy, black rights, est around 1600 - 1694 |
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| 1780, Jose Condorconqui kidnaps a corregidor, tries him and he is hanged; calls for an end to Spanish monopolies – “Long live the King but down with bad gov’t,” HUGE movement of neo-Inka revivalism, 10,000-dd peasants join, but fail in the sacking of Cuzco (they are sold out), mass executions when it is put down. Important because it shows the potency of Inka culture and religion even hundreds of years later. |
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| creole priest in Mexico, Grito de Dolores, 1810, interested in the Enlightenment; called for throwing off Spanish rule, negro slavery, casta distinctions, restoration of indigenous lands; his minion, Morelos, follows his lead; though his rebeliion was crushed, he still was important in stimulating other creole elite, 1814- Iturbide’s Plan de Iguala |
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| : “engines,” these are mills that made sugar production much more efficient, increase output more than anything else – like the cotton gin in the USA – Brazilian tool; made the number of slaves increase in order to hve the most efficient profit; REINFORCED social order: landowners, squatters, free blacks, slaves, all paid rent to landowner |
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first poet of the Americas, a child prodigy; always loked upon with skepticism, enters convent, because she is protected by a Countess for a patron and a ½ blind piest, she can kind of do what she wants. She loves the arts, but also natural history, new sciences → leads to suspicion
- when Priest dude dies and Viceroy dies in 1693, she is dangerously exposed and enters a monastic cell where she dies in 1695
- foundation of Latin American literature, popular in Spain, also in convents in New Spain |
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| Carlos Sigüenza y Gongora |
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| Sor Juana’s friend, collecting stuff for libraries, intellectual; significant role in the creation of Virgin of Guadalupe, liked Mexicans but after 1692 rebellion hates ’em, drew the first map of New Spain |
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