Term
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Definition
Who?
King Louis, Napoleon Bonaparte, Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin, Japan
What? Where? When?
Individual freedoms are limited by authority. The exercise of authority is dependent on the nature of society (customs/culture) and the world-historical stage.
3 periods and 3 types of authoritarian rule:
Absolutism: Divine ruler above the law – King Louis
Bonapartism: Strong, charismatic ruler with popular loyalty- Napoleon Bonaparte (Late 19th century)
Totalitarianism: 1920’s and 1930’s as a reaction to WWI, Italy, Germany and Japan challenged the democratic victors by establishing highly authoritarian, intensely nationalistic, territorially aggressive, and ferociously anticommunist regimes which centered on charismatic rulers with mass organizations and violence. Formed a political/military alliance directed against the Soviet Union and international communism- axis powers established in 1940. Wanted to “establish and maintain a new order of things”àWWII in East Asia and Europe.
a) Fascism (Italy)-
Between 1919-1945
Was a new political ideology
Symbol: fasces - bundle of birch rods bound together around an axe, represented power and strength in unity and was derived from ancient Rome
Mussolini (1883-1945), squadristi, terror squads, march on Rome 1922 (came to power), his ability to make the trains run on time showed evidence that his many promises may in fact be upheald-gave hope to the people
Intensely nationalistic, sought to revitalize and purify nation and to mobilize its people for some great task.
Promised mass social reforms but actually concentrated on consolidating the power of the central state instead
Against socialism and democracy, for authoritarian central state. Militaristic. Democracy was suspended, opponents arrested
Reaction to economics at the time and unification of Italy, bad economic state
Culturally, fascists invoked various aspects of tradition Italian life
Followers believed that this was the beginning of the “new Roman Empire” that would revitalize Italian society and give it a global mission
b) National Socialism (Germany) –
Hitler (1889-1945)- leadership proclaimed a message of intense German nationalism in terms of racial superiority, passionate opposition to communism, determination to rescue Germany from the humiliating requirements of the Treaty of Versailles and to tackle the country’s economic problems
Achieved national power in 1933 after the wake of the Great Depression popularity soared because of the Weimar government’s inability to respond effectively.
Once in power, moved quickly to consolidate Nazi control over Germany-all other political parties were outlawed – achieved way more control over society that Mussolini
Popularity was due to the fact that he brought Germany out of the Depression- government invested in projects like highways, bridges, canals, public buildings, rebuilt and rearmed the countries military, appealed to rural and traditional values (Germans feared losing during modernization)
Nazis- racism, SS=Hitler’s body guards.
National Socialists – Sozis, Reich Empire, public work.
Against Marxism and Democracy. Believed in Social Darwinism and Authoritarian rule.
Result of bad economy.
c) Stalinism (Russia) - Josef Stalin (1879-1953), son of cobbler. Communism – classless, stateless, egalitarian socialism.
d) Radical Nationalism or Revolutionary Right (Japan)
Joined in the late nineteenth century, sole Asian member
1930’a – move toward authoritarian government with denial of democracy- launched aggressive program of territorial expansion in East Asia
Great Depression (like Germany) paved the way for harsher, more authoritarian action – hit Japan hard, shrinking demand for silk à led people to doubt democracy/capitalism to address Japans “national emergency”
Radical Nationalism was born – appealing to young army officers, extreme nationalism, hostility to parliamentary democracy, commitment to elite leadership focused on an dignified emperor, dedicated to foreign expansion
Different than its predecessors because no right-winged party gained support, no fascists party emerged, no charismatic leader was produced – political offenders were not criminalized but subjected to “resocialization” (forced to renounce their errors and return to Japanese way)
Established strong government institutions, traditional notions of the nation as a family headed by the emperor were supported/intact both of which helped to prevent the development of fascism in Japan
Remained internally much less repressive, with a more pluralistic society than Italy and Germany, but did develop extensive imperial ambitions
Why Important?
Authoritarian rule has been around for a very long time, but exploded in the 20th century after WWI
All three (Italy, Germany, Japan) had limited experiences with democratic politics as elected parliaments and governments were not very supported throughout the nation, not very strong
Revamped the economies of those countries that adopted authoritarian rule, but at what price? (Germany and Italy)
WWI and the Great Depression brought about the political and economic collapse of Europe and led to the Nazi phenomenon which represented a moral collapse within the West, deriving from a highly selective incorporation of earlier strands of European culture
Italy and Germany were different than Japan but they all had imperial ambitions - these projects of conquest and empire building collided with the interests of the established world powers (US, Britain) and led to the second World War |
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Term
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Definition
Who?
Africans in South Africa were segregated from the politically dominant white community known as Boers or Afrikaners (descendents of early Dutch settlers, permanent residents not immigrants)
What?
Overwhelming prominence of race led to the attempt to separate blacks from whites in every conceivable way while retaining Africans’ labor power in the white-controlled economy
An enormous apparatus of repression enforced the system – rigid “pass laws” monitored and tried to control the movement of Africans into the cities, where they were subjected to extreme forms of social segregation
Extreme racism, backed by the government
Where?
South Africa
When?
Formally established in 1948, officially abolished in the 1980’s
Why Important?
Extreme racism backed by the government
Added to South Africa’s freedom struggle against internal opponents rather than a distinct colonial authority (as in India)
There were many internal struggles that went against apartheid- ANC leadership, Nelson Mandelaà strikes, demonstrations…lead to the government arresting an repression groupsà violence and illegal actions
Apartheid was looked down upon all over the world and South Africa faced many international demands to end it, in addition to its own internal turmoil-exlcusion from international events, refusal of people to visit of perform there, economic boycotts, withdrawal of foreign investment – all of which isolated South Africa from Western world
Came to an end without a racial bloodbath because the pressures persuaded many white South Africans to come up with an alternative to ware in order to preserve white privileges – abandoned key apartheid policies, released Mandela, legalized the ANC (African National Congress), national elections |
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Term
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Definition
Who?
The citizens of many nations in the Arabian peninsula, North Africa, and the Middle East. The fundamentalist rulers and thinkers of said countries
What?
An effort to create a new religious/political order centered on a fundamentalist understanding of Islam
Where?
Islamic nations such as Egypt and Sudan, including countries from North Africa to Indonesia
When?
1970s-present
Why?
Westernization and secularization had failed to bring prosperity to most Muslim nations, leading to a rejection of those ideas, and a preference for fundamental Islamic values. Demonstrated an alternative to Western Industrialization as the only means to modernization and prosperity |
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Term
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Definition
Who?
Europe and the United States
What?
The undoing of colonialism, or the unequal relation of polities whereby one people or nation establishes and maintains dependent territory over another. It can be understood politically (attaining independence, autonomous home rule, union with the metropole or another state) or culturally (removal of pernicious colonial effects.)
Where?
Globally
When?
After World War II
Why Important?
Hallmark of the modern era
Nationalism-federation of states
Decolonization
Imperialism is gone
Modernization |
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Term
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Definition
Who?
US and Soviet Union
What?
After Russian revolution – new communist government created (start)
Came out of WWII as the major global powers
Prompted a global rivalry between the US and the soviet union for influence in the third world
Spawned a arms race for nuclear weapons
School raids
Speculation of the possible extinction of human life or all life in event of a nuclear war
Ended with the Cuban missile crisis
Deal made between JFK and Khrushchev
Soviets removed their missiles from cuba in return an American promise to not invade the island
Where?
Globally
When?
Mid to late 1900s
Why Important?
Global struggle of capitalism and communism
Ended seamlessly – collapse of the communist
regimes
The US supported anticommunist but corrupt and authoritarian regimes
Both entered in wars they could not win
US – Vietnam
USSR – Afghanistan |
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Term
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Definition
Who?
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
What?
He was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey.
Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns gained Turkey independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of political, economic, and cultural reforms, seeking to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern, westernized and secular nation-state.
Where?
Ottoman Empire/ Turkey
When?
In office October 29, 1923 to November 10, 1938
Why Important?
His military campaigns gained Turkey independence. The principles of Atatürk's reforms, upon which modern Turkey was established, are referred to as Kemalism. |
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Term
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Definition
Who?
Climate refugees
Wet or dry climates
Ex. Bangladesh
What?
Population booms
Use more resources (energy and land)
Need more space to live and grow food remake environment
Global warming
C02 – due to logging (brazil)
Hurricanes – warmer air creates larger storms
Did we learn anything from hurricane Katrina?
No new laws
When?
Present
Where?
Globally
Why Important?
One world thinking – focus on common plight of humankind
Challenge to modernity |
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Term
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Definition
Who?
People in Europe especially Italy and Germany
What?
It is a political ideology popular in Europe through 1919 to 1945; marked by intense nationalism and authoritarianism; praised violence against enemies, condemned individualism, liberalism, feminism, parliamentary democracy, and communism; but respected various aspect of tradition Italian life, such as catholic culture
When?
Through 1919 to 1945
Where?
Europe
Why Important?
Fascism was originally supported by the Italian leader Mussolini and later took root in Germany through the fascist party led by Hitler; it gained wide support from the majority of people in both countries and led them to WWII. As a result, the international situation greatly changed and European dominance was ended. Fascism also caused tremendous casualties in Europe, including the Jewish people who died in the Holocaust |
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Term
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Definition
Who?
Mao Zedong
What?
was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, Marxist political philosopher, and leader of the Chinese Revolution. He was the architect and founding father of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949, and held control over the nation until his death in 1976.
Where?
China
When?
In office from March 20, 1943 to September 9, 1976
Why Important?
His theoretical contribution to Marxism–Leninism, along with his military strategies and brand of policies, are collectively known as Maoism. |
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Term
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Definition
Who?
Females
What?
Belief in the social, political, economic equality
The power of ideas and ideologies overall - strayer
Liberation ideology
West
1920s – achieved universal suffrage, movement slowed down
Equal rights agenda – focused on employment and education
Aware of own oppression – protested Miss America Contest
Free love, lesbianism, and celibacy should all have same respect as heterosexual marriage
Women of color – worked outside the house and saw housework as secure
When: 19th century
Global South
Not always centered around gender – traditional self help groups, gain equal status as husbands (Morocco), opposed oppressive dictatorship (Chile), promote democracy (S. Korea)
1145: ‘Not only goods, money, & people traversed planet … also ideas … the ideology of liberation’
Transatlantic movement
Class and racial splits
Suffrage movement
Black and white women had different views of oppression
Global South: domestic liberation (vs. sexual)
Women’s involvement in political & economic struggles
Access to court system
Women keeping movements alive when men were stifled by police brutality
International feminism
“Women’s rights are human rights”
Is ‘sisterhood’ the primary identifier?
Not an equal society until everyone is equal
Is gender a primary experience?
Foremost repression
When?
West: 19th c. & 1960s: class and racial splits
Where?
West and Global South
Why Important?
Force for political, economic, cultural, social change
Half the population
Signifies the unjust of the society and freedom
With woman’s rights comes freedom progression |
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Term
| Globalization (economic, cultural) |
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Definition
Who?
People worldwide
What?
Globalization refers to the increasingly global relationships of culture, people and economic activity. Most often, it refers to economics: the global distribution of the production of goods and services, through reduction of barriers to international trade such as tariffs, export fees, and import quotas.The term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, and popular culture.
When?
Term first appeared in 1930
Where?
Globally
Why Important?
The term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, and popular culture. |
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Term
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Definition
Who?
Kwame Nkrumah
What?
He was the leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast. Overseeing the nation's independence from British colonial rule in 1957, Nkrumah was the first President of Ghana and the first Prime Minister of Ghana.
Where?
Ghana
When?
In office October 21, 1965 to February 24, 1966
Why Important?
An influential 20th century advocate of Pan-Africanism, he was a founding member of the Organization of African Unity and was the winner of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1963. |
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Term
| Human Capital (Strayer 1102) |
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Definition
Who?
Humans
What?
Human capital is the stock of competencies, knowledge and personality attributes embodied in the ability to perform labor so as to produce economic value. It is the attributes gained by a worker through education and experience.
When?
N/A
Where?
Globally
Why Important?
Human capital is what makes nations function |
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Term
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Definition
Who?
Political ideology developed/implemented by US and Great Britains leaders and business people who saw the world as a single market- affects people globally
What?
Essentially allows whoever has the money to put it wherever they want without regard for what their actions are doing to the world and its citizens)
A political ideology and economic doctrine. The transfer of economic control from the public to private producers and is more efficient that government and improves the economic indicators (only economic indicators which favor production over quality of life: health, safety, and education).
Neo-liberalism puts an emphasis on/favors: free trade, deregulation and privatization, tax/spending cuts
Has lead to the relaxation of labor and environmental laws because supporters believe that if actions are truly bad for the environment then companies will realize that and change their ways without the government telling them to do so because they will realize that their ways/business practices are killing of consumers and ultimately that is not beneficial to profit.
Supports export-led development and cultivation in foreign investment.
Where?
Global, but started in US and Great Britain
When?
Developed in the 1970’s, still used today – but for how long?
Why Important?
Example of how important economics/economic productivity has become.
World Bank created, IMF (International Monetary Fund) created – powerful international lending agencies that imposed these neo-liberal policies on developing countries if they were willing to allow foreign investment, which in turn creates dependency
The collapse of state-controlled economies of the communist world aided in the spread of unrestricted global capitalism and Neoliberalism policies
Having an adverse affect on the world as argued by anti-globalization followers: free-trade, market driven corporate globalization has lowered labor standards, fostered ecological degradation, prevented poor countries from protecting themselves against financial speculators, ignored local cultures, disregarded human rights and enhanced global inequality all the while favoring the interests of large corporations and rich countries
WTO’s central idea of free trade (which are the values and interests of global corporations who are currently dominating the global stage and have superseded countries in economic size), supersedes all other values (including human rights, environmental rights )
With this current global policy, the world is headed in the wrong direction towards being controlled by transnational corporations and business giants and away from democracy and control by the people |
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Term
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Definition
Who?
People of Czechoslovakia
What?
It was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet Union. Alexander Dubček was elected the First Secretary of Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, and continued until 21 August when the Soviet Union and members of the Warsaw Pact invaded the country to halt the reforms.
The Prague Spring reforms were an attempt by Dubček to grant additional rights to the citizens in an act of partial decentralization of the economy and democratization. The freedoms granted included a loosening of restrictions on the media, speech and travel.
When?
It began after World War II on 5 January
Where?
Czechoslovakia
Why Important?
After national discussion of dividing the country into a federation of three republics, Bohemia, Moravia-Silesia and Slovakia, Dubček oversaw the decision to split into two, the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. This was the only change that survived the end of the Prague Spring. |
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Term
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Definition
Who?
Major capitalist countries such as the United States and Great Britain
What?
View that the entire world is a single market. Known as neo-liberalism, this approach to the world economy favored the reduction of tariffs, the free global movement of capital, a mobile and temporary workforce, the privatization of many state-run enterprises, the curtailing of government efforts to regulate the economy, and both tax and spending cuts.
When?
1970s and after
Where?
Major capitalist countries such as the United States and Great Britain
Why Important?
In this view, the market, operating both globally and within nations, was the most effective means of generating the holy grail of economic growth. By the end of the twentieth century, as economic historian Jeffrey Frieden put it, “capitalism was global and the globe was capitalist.” |
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Term
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Definition
Who?
Followers of Gandhi
What?
It is loosely translated as "insistence on truth satya (truth) agraha (insistence) soul force"[1] or "truth force" is a particular philosophy and practice within the broader overall category generally known as nonviolent resistance or civil resistance
When?
News-sheet Indian Opinion in South Africa in 1906
Where?
India
Why Important?
Inspired many other movements
Was a factor that help end British Imperial rule in India |
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Term
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Definition
Who?
Leon Trotsky
What?
He was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and theorist, Soviet politician, and the founder and first leader of the Red Army.
Trotsky was initially a supporter of the Menshevik Internationalists faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. He joined the Bolsheviks immediately prior to the 1917 October Revolution, and eventually became a leader within the Party. During the early days of the Soviet Union, he served first as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs and later as the founder and commander of the Red Army as People's Commissar of Military and Naval Affairs. He was a major figure in the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War (1918–20). He was also among the first members of the Politburo.
After leading a failed struggle of the Left Opposition against the policies and rise of Joseph Stalin in the 1920s and the increasing role of bureaucracy in the Soviet Union, Trotsky was successively removed from power, expelled from the Communist Party, deported from the Soviet Union and assassinated on Stalin's orders.
When?
In office October 8, 1917 to November 8, 1917
Where?
Russia
Why Important?
Trotsky's ideas thus form the basis of Trotskyism, a major school of Marxist thought that is opposed to the theories of Stalinism. He was one of the few Soviet political figures who was never rehabilitated by the government of Mikhail Gorbachev. |
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Term
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Definition
Who?
Fundamentalists, Evangelicals, Hindutva, Jihads, Buddhists...
What?
Fundamentalism
A militant piety – defensive, assertive, and exclusive
Took shape to some extent in every major religious tradition
Scientific and secular focus of global modernity directly challenged the core beliefs of supernatural religion
Fundamentalists looked to the past for ideals and models, rejection of modernity was selective
Fundamentals of the faith
US – evangelist ran for president, entered political arena 1980s
India – hindutva, 1980s, movement to stop the state from catering to the interests of Muslims, Sikhs, and lower castes in India
Islam
During the 1970s Many Muslim states gained independence
Egypt, Iran, Algeria, and others
Quran and Sharia (Islamic law) provide a guide for all of life
Political, economic, and spiritual - blue print for a distinctly Islamic modernity no dependent on western ideas
Argued that It was the departure from Islamic principles that led the Islamic world into decline and subordination to the west
Jihad (means struggle to please god) – effort to return to Islamic principles
Islam renewal – Hamas used terrorist strategies
20th century
Non-fundamentalist religion
Debate about proper role of the state, difference between the eternal law of God (sharia) and the human interpretations of it, the rights of women, possibility of democracy, and many other issues.
Various ways of responding to global modernity
Liberation theology – Christian basis for action in areas of social justice, poverty, and human rights.
Jesus as liberator as well as savior
Asia – socially engaged Buddhism
Where?
1970s-1980s
When?
Golbally
Why Important?
Religious responses to global modernity were articulated in many voices |
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Term
| White Man's Burden (not poem) |
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Definition
Who?
White Man
What?
White people consequently have an obligation to rule over, and encourage the cultural development of people from other ethnic and cultural backgrounds until they can take their place in the world economically and socially
When?
19th century
Where?
Globally
Why Important?
The term "the white man's burden" has been interpreted as racist, or taken as a metaphor for a condescending view of undeveloped national culture and economic traditions, identified as a sense of European ascendancy which has been called "cultural imperialism" |
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Term
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Definition
Who?
French born and immigrant Jews, Hitler and Nazi’s, gendarmes, Brainwashed French: Police, Leader, some citizens, French who helped
What?
French born and immigrant Jews in France were rounded up by gendarmes on orders from Hitler to Frances leader for racial extermination and purification, vowed to give protection and support of Germany in return for complying with wishes/demands/orders.
Where?
Winter Valendrome in France
When?
July 16, 1942
Why Important?
Extremely important in France because France is still coming to terms with its own role in the holocaust (horrific event in history), but are not really willing to take responsibility.
The film puts a lot of the blame on the gendarmes, does not spread it equally.
There were enough collaborators who participated in France, too few people actually stood up in opposition and went along with the plan.
The French military/officers went along with it in spite of supposed objections to what was going on, while in Denmark the people saved almost everyone.
The behavior of whole groups of people is highly significant/important as well/collaboration efforts: the gendarmes, the French who actually did oppose, the French who were brainwashed by Nazi sentiment, the Jews (who continued to uphold how “France is a sanctuary for Jews”)
Motivations behind those involved |
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