Term
|
Definition
| a vast array of goods traveled along the Silk Roads; silk symbolized the Eurasian exchange system; volume of trade was small, but of economic and social importance; transmitted culture as well as disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Black Death spread thanks to the Mongol Empire’s unification of much of Eurasia; could have been bubonic plague, anthrax, or collection of epidemic diseases; killed one-third of European population between 1346 and 1350; similar death toll in China and parts of the Islamic world; Central Asian steppes were badly affected (undermined Mongol power) |
|
|
Term
| Indian Ocean trading network |
|
Definition
| The Indian Ocean network was the world’s most important until after 1500; trade grew from environmental and cultural diversity; transportation was cheaper by sea than by land; made transportation of bulk goods possible (textiles, pepper, timber, rice, sugar, wheat); commerce was possible thanks to monsoons (alternating wind currents); commerce was between towns, not states; Indian Ocean trade started in the age of the First Civilizations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Malay kingdom of Srivijaya emerged from competition, dominated trade from 670 to 1025 c.e.;gold, access to spices, and taxes on ships provided resources to create a state; local belief: chiefs possessed magical powers; also used Indian political ideas and Buddhism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most famous Buddhist monument; Sailendra kingdom of central Java, monument has distinct Javanese features; represents process of Buddhism being culturally grounded in a new place. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Swahili civilization of East Africa that developed from blend of Bantu with commercial life of the Indian Ocean (especially Islamic); Swahili civilization flourished on East African coast between 1000 and 1500 c.e.; most of trade was in Arab ships; Swahili craft traveled coastal waterways; deep participation in the Indian Ocean world; Islam and Swahili culture didn’t reach much beyond coast until the nineteenth century |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Islam and Swahili culture didn’t reach much beyond coast until the nineteenth century; but Swahili region traded with the interior, had an impact; trade with interior for gold led to emergence of Great Zimbabwe (flourished in 1250–1350 c.e.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Commercial Beginnings in West Africa; trans-African trade was also based on environmental variation; earliest trade in the region was among agricultural peoples in the Sudan; Gold, Salt, and Slaves: Trade and Empire in West Africa; introduction of the camel in early centuries c.e. was a turning point; regular trans-Saharan commerce by 300–400 c.e.; merchants especially wanted gold from West Africa (along with ivory, kola nuts, slaves); the Sahara became a major international trade route; trade encouraged new and larger political structures; slavery was present in West Africa; substantial urban/commercial centers (such as Koumbi-Saleh, Jenne, Timbuktu) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trade encouraged new and larger political structures; creation of a series of states in western and central Sudan; between 500 and 1600 c.e., including Ghana, Mali, Songhay, Kanem, and Hausa city-states |
|
|
Term
| trans-Saharan slave trade |
|
Definition
| rise of Islam in seventh century c.e.; large-scale East African slave trade to work Iraqi plantations and salt mines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There was no sustained interaction between the Western and Eastern hemispheres before Columbus; American trade networks were not as dense as Afro-Eurasian ones;important limitations: lack of domesticated large mammals, wheeled vehicles, large oceangoing ships; geographical or environmental obstacles, including north/south orientation; local and regional commerce flourished, but not long-distance trade; cultural traditions did not spread as widely as in Eastern Hemisphere; But there was a “loosely interactive web” from the Great Lakes to the Andes; cultural elements spread gradually; evidence of at least indirect contact; There was a major trade network in Mesoamerica; Maya and Teotihuacán traded by land; Maya traded by sea on both coasts (with dugout canoes); Aztecs of fifteenth century had professional merchants (pochteca); There was a major trade network in the Andes 1. Inca trade during fifteenth century was run by the state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (589-618) reunifies China after 300 years of political fragmentation following Han dynasty; rulers extend canal system but exhaust state resources, dynasty is overthrown but state remains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (618-907) built on Sui foundations; establish patterns of Chinese life lasting until the twentieth century; six major ministries, exam system revived, growth of education, landowners powerful despite state efforts to redistribute land |
|
|
Term
| Song dynasty economic revolution |
|
Definition
| great prosperity; rapid population growth; improvements in agriculture; most urbanized world region; network of internal waterways; improvements in industrial production; widespread production for market rather than consumption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Song dynasty capitol of China; population over 1 million; specialized markets, schools, clubs; "noblest city in the world" ~Marco Polo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| started in 10th or 11th century; associated with images of female beauty and eroticism, kept women restricted to the house |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chinese understand selves as center of the world and establish tribute system to manage relations with non-Chinese; outsiders must acknowledge Chinese superiority and present tribute to emperor in exchange for trading priveleges and gifts; system disguises contradictory realities - some nomads on equal terms, China pays essentially tribute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Confederacy of nomads established around 200 BCE; could deal with China on equal terms |
|
|
Term
| Khitan and Jurchen people |
|
Definition
| Steppe states that took over parts of northern China; Khitan (907-1125) Jurchen (1115-1234) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (688-900) politically independent but ally with Tang dynasty China for political unity; Chinese government serves as model |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Korean phonetic alphabet and Vietnamese variation of Chinese writing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| China's effort to assimilate cultural elite of Vietnam provokes rebellion from them (39-43 CE) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (572-622) creation of Japanese bureaucratic state modeled on China |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| samurai set of values in Japanese culture controlling local military forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Confucianism discredited after fall of Han dynasty, Buddhism provides comfort and social services, and was favored by nomadic rulers; monasteries become wealthy; effort to make Buddhism accesible to Chinese culture; sometimes gains state support, never independent from authority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (581-604) has monasteries built throughout China to spread Buddhism; uses Buddhism to justify military campaigns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eastern part of what once was Roman Empire, continued Roman imperial traditions; Eastern Orthodox Church is not independent form political authority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Emperor of Roman Empire; briefly reunites emperor, but upon his death the barbarian warlords were too powerful and overtook Constantinople |
|
|
