Abraham Lincoln

-Emancipation Proclamation

- Did anything to keep the union together

->offered to let the south keep slaves

-Emancipation Proclamation (1862)

->freed all slaves in south

->4 union states didn't get freed

->not favored in union b/c union workers couldn't compete with free labor- slaves moved north and took jobs

-knew he could die any day, didn't want to put anything off

-1863: Blacks could fight for the north

-All slaves would be freed after the war

->access to education, courts, and some men could vote

-hated by northerners for the war for black liberation (jeopardized re-election)

-after re-election, he exposed his intentions to free all the slaves

-Lincoln allowed Nevada to join union w/o enough citizens b/c he wanted votes

-Sherman starts march the day after election

-as much constitution that was violated, would be saved

- all constitutional rights will be restored

-rank hypocrit

-Lincoln saw nothing wrong with secession but when south did he didn't want to lose southern revenue

-least respectful president to people's rights in history

War Policies

-determined to achieve goals

-hands-on: tested weapons and went to front line

-flexible: do anything to win the war

-honest but lie if it got the job done

*held all goals in the end

-took over telegraph lines, post offices, and suspended first 10 ammendments

-thousands of troops called up

-jailed anyone who spoke against him or the war

-closed newspapers

-suspended havius corpus (jail w/o reason)

Four purposes for the war

1) to save the union

2) preserve constitutional rule of law

3) preserve majority rule democracy

4) freeing all slaves

*believed in a popular gov't and all men created equal

1) southern states must be loyal to be readmitted (10% loyal to the union)

2) south have majority rule, democratic gov't

3) free all slaves and provide southern black men education (fight or read/write)

4) NO confederate gov't officials or leaders would be admitted

-622,000+died in battle (Yankees: 304,000 & South:298,000)

-more than 1/4 males were killed (1 in every 3 houses)

-over a million casualties (wounded and dead in 4 years)

-many soldiers became morphine addicts (given during war)

-Georgia was heartland of dixie (biggest state east of Miss.) breadbasket

-Sherman marched here to end war faster-no troops just woman and children

-enjoyed inflicting pain on others (burned ATL to Sav.)

-Produce burned (starve) and goods stolen

-100,00 confed. soldiers deserted to go back to wives and children- led to Lee's surrender

-southern agriculture was ruined for years

-cotton ruined

-southern wealth decreased by 60%

-Northern wealth increased by 50%

-southern bonds became worthless

-transportation means were destroyed (roads, railroads)

-labor system in chaos (4 million slaves freed)

-union preserved; national unity

-ending of slavery

- domination of nation by the north socially, politically, and economically

-slaves moved north for better social and economics

-industrial revolution: cheaper labor

-South underwent reconstruction

-1865: in control @ first

- more leniant to south, whites especially

-Johnson wanted to punish well-to-do southerners b/c he believed they led south to secede ($20,000+ not pardoned= evil)

-ordered that all confiscated land by north in war be given back

-southern states promised no slavery and voting for some blacks in war

-bills passed to help southern blacks and hurt whites (others vetoed)

-Rad. Repub. began to override vetoed bills and get rid Johnson

-designed to get rid of Johnson

-before he could fire someone, majority of senate had to approve

-after act passed, he fired Edwin and therefore Johnson would be impeached

-trial in early 1868

-impeached on 11 violations in the House (8 agains Tenure Act)

-1 violation due to inappropriate behavior

-only TRUE violation: didn't execute all Reconstruction policies

-refused to enforce Radical reconstruction laws

-presidency preserved by 1 vote, 2/3 didn't vote to have him gone

-Johnson got US territory of Alaska

-got French to leave Mexico (threated war by sending 50,000 troops)

*as a result, eliminated 2 great powers: Russia in Alaska, and French in Mexico

***One of the worst presidents

Radical Reconstruction

-goals

*wanted to get rid of slavery immediately

Goals:

-total rad. repub. party in charge

-delay southern states to being readmitted (too many south. dem)

-give southern blacks max. rights & improving econ. and education

-didn't favor northern blacks

-most rad. repub. were racist- didn't allow voting up north

-wanted to harm southern whites (blamed for all wrongs of war and only civil to those who remained loyal to union during war)

-Thaddeus Stevens (House Rep.)

-Charles Sumner (Senate Rep.)

-Ben Wade (Senate Rep.)

-wanted freed slaves to murder half southern whites and steal land

-federal troops reoccupy dixie

-11 Southern states would have radical republican gov'ts

*gov't officials: some loyal southern democrats, northern carpetbaggers, freed southern black, and scalawags

-enact universal male suffrage for blacks&whites (had to have been loyal to union)

-local elections for gov't officials

-public school for poor (blacks and whites) illiteracy rapidly rose

-tried to fix transportation methods

-welfare and hospitals for both races

-Incredibly Corrupt: carpet baggers trying to get rich and lack of law and order (stolen tax $$)

-Wasteful and inefficient: little to none gov't experience;illiterate; little public support

-Whites would not help gov't at all: formed vigilanties (KKK)- whites resisting Reconstruction

-wanted to intimidate scalawags from voting and troops sent in to control KKK violence

-13th (abolish slavery) 14th (black cit. rights) 15th (black men vote)

-Georgia: less resist. to recon.-breadbasket gained home rule

-railroads being rebuilt and cotton becomes source of income again

-southern blacks only had freedom: poor and illiterate

-still racist in south, but had relations & got along unlike north

-blacks made up majority of republican vote in south

-alot of blacks discouraged to vote by KKK

E.C.: Name a black elected to congress (Public Official)

->Jefferson Long

-used slave codes: black codes

-loss of civil rights

-many blacks migrated North for personal freedom and economic opportunity

-achieved jobs at better pay but north was not paradise:crowded urban ghettos

-still discriminated against

-officials segregation laws in south but not in north, just understood

-born on plantation and plant. mother noticed his drive to learn and helped him to learn to read which was not accepted

-conducted secret sunday school lessons

-physically strong-forced to do field labor, sent to slave breaker but instead he beat the slave breaker

-took boat and escaped to England

-destroyed black stereotypes

-came back to America and "bought freedom"

-largest black abolitionist

-started first black newspaper: "The North Star"

-convinced Lincoln that slavery was ultimate problem

-first negroe invited to white house: black advisor & diplomat

-persuaded Lincoln to to let blacks fight in Union army and got equal pay

-supported underground railroad

-post-war: civil rights leader

-"suffragette" one of few men to take part; prohibitionist

-2nd wife was white (not accepted- fearless)

-opposed affirmative action

-general for Union in civil war- helped to win the war (wear Lee down)

-brave, fearless, and calm

-turned to drinking b/c sent to western posts w/o family

-wasn't allowed as a private b/c of drinking (little experience so he had to work his way up and would drink in lulls of war)

-not successful as pres.too loyal to others & was encouraged to run

-Corrupt: lied under oath to stay loyal to friends

-reelected b/c people felt he was innocent

-economic event due to building too many railroads

-banks began to fail and railroads went bankrupt

-worst depression and many immigrants went back to Europe

-Grant refused to print more money b/c it would cause inflation

-Indian was put in charge of indian policy

Grant: Foreign Policy

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end of presidency

-improved relationship with England and British relations remain good

-not reelected b/c of depression

-Grant lost everything in stock market (wrote Memoirs for $)

-died of tongue cancer at 63

-always followed with Radical Republicans and wanted harsh reconstruction

-very honest and loyal and improved white house impression

-many thought he was an illegitimate president

- deal that ended reconstruction between southern democrats and northern republicans in order for Hayes to become president

-Well regarded for civil service reform; hired and fired based on merit and cleaned up gov't-> got rid of corruption

-named Justice John Harland I- great advocate of civil rights for blacks

-admitted that many white/indian issues were the whites faults

-black civil rights in south were taken when union troops were pulled

-didn't print extra money and didn't support welfare b/c wouldn't get us out of depression

-kept us isolationist

-control of isthmus of panama

*ended presidency with great respect

-phrase from Henry Grady

-south needed to become independent and stable and wanted yankees to come south to increase business

-George Washington Carver: agriculutural researcher who came up with many new products and helped farmers (crop rotation)

-growing textile industry and agriculture and oil in the south-poverty still remained high

Southern Politics:

-bourbon dem

-race-baiting

-populism

-Bourbon Democrats: upper class southern democrats who led southern politics/ succeeding in attracting yankee business- less corrupt and more experienced than rad. repub.

-tried to take away voting for poor whites and blacks

-got southern states to segregate-private businesses had rights

-Race- Baiting: appealed to all racist

-Populism: southern based party who tried to unite poor of both races to defeat democrats

-democrats tried to persuade whites not to vote populist b/c  blacks then have rights

-Tom Watson: popular populist- segregationist

-blacks only southerners to vote republican

1) Poll tax: pay at voting poll to prevent poor

2) longer residency requirements to eliminate sharecroppers

3) literacy test laws: only educated can vote

4) grandfather clause: poor whites that couldn't pass but if family could vote in 1867 you could vote (vote mostly dem)

5) white primary: open only to white voters

Plessy vs. Ferguson

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Jim Crow Laws

-separate but equal (segregation ok as long as services are equal)

Booker T. Washington

-established Tuskegee institute-respected highly by white and black conservatives> get educated and not fight against segregation laws- hoped white would eventually grant rights (Mulato)

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-Mulato; great writer; more important than Washington but was more radical and controversial; black academic 

-first negroe to earn PhD (political science) from Harvard and taught at Atlanta University

-pointed out that blacks in "new south" losing freedom &father of black history and africanism

-non-violent opposition to segregation & helped find NAACP

-wanted advanced education for blacks and for them to oppose segregation

-later separationist and left what he had fought for

-God's given right to take over entire continent: move west after war and recon. for free land

-barbed wire fence to contain livestock

-found gold out west and other natural resources

-trans-continental RR: first national economy; linked raw resources

and made travel safer

-polytheistic;had no sense of land ownership or business & constantly moved around

-many died from disease and others were unfairly killed

-wanted valuable land for mines, cities, and farms

-made treaties to move indians west; usually broken and moved

-divide&conquer: got tribes to fight each other for supplies

Chief Sitting Bull

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Chief Crazy Horse

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Chief Geronimo

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Chief Joseph

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Buffalo Soldiers

-Siux indians defeated; killed other indians; custards last stand

-General George Armstrong Custer led cavalry to war w/ indians and they were defeated

-whites entered black hills and indians got upset-gov't sent troops to defend trespassers

-greatest native american victory

-Natives had better guns

-all american soldiers dead

-one horse survived: Camanchi