INDENTURED SERVITUDE

European Laborers in Virginia 

o   Transport, food, clothes, shelter, in exchange 4 fixed period of service

·    At end of term, became free and compensated with land

·      Example: Richard Lowther

English developed desire for Indian Cotton Textile (Calico) because it was high quality & cheaper than domestically produced textiles

They later competed with India & produced 

Columbus & conquistadors brought people to Americas but the Americas gave the rest of the world Crops

*Agricultural revolution: Maize, potatoes, beans etc

*Biological old regime: east west interactions enhanced life span

*Improved food supply allowed growing population, population explosions make industralizaion possible

Thomas Malthus Theory

COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE

free trade & minimal gov't intervention in the economy were intended to transform India into a producer of food & raw materials for export.

*Tariffs were to be abolished

* "Free" markets would ensure that food & raw materials moved out of India to Britain & that Indians purchased British industrial products

DILMA ROUSSEF

Current President of Brazil, wrote “Brazilian Model”

developing countries need 2 build more balanced relationship b/w state & market, Govt should allow markets to innovate and increase productivity, Expand middle class, Focus on domestic issues . Balance state market, Rebalance trade flow, avoid the instability and income inequality that result from unregulated markets

DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY

·      Dutch formed, managed by board of directors,

·      ownership open 2 any1 who purchased a share in the comp.

·      10 years fleet, Indonesia, Investors worried (began to sell)

·       Amsterdam (economic power house) builds 1^st stock exchange and joint stock corporation

·      Has an army –able to rule over territory, maintain fleet

·      Set up a private colonial enterprise 

ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY

Private trading company owned by British who were given monopoly rights to trade w/ Asia.

Gained the right 2 collect land taxes from much of Bengal

Textiles & Spices

Destroyed India economy to boost Britain’s

Produced Opium to hinder Chinese

Abolished EiC monopoly on trade w/ Asia & Private traders leapt into the trade

JARED DIAMOND’S THESIS

·      Guns, Germs, and Steel

·      Argued that farming gave some countries head start

·       Agriculture 1^st developed in Fertile Crescent.

·      Because of geography of Incas – they could never be as productive as Europeans

None of animals were native to Europe – provided milk, wool, and muscle power – able to make more food and then build more complex societies

GREAT DYING

Smallpox epidemics that weakened both the Aztecs & Incas paving the way for the Spanish conquest of both empire that wiped out Native American populations.

*Mexico 

NAVIGATION ACT

Series of laws that restricted the use of foreign  shiping for trade b/w England & its colonies.

Goal: 2 force colonial development into lines favourable to England & stop direct colonial trade with other European countries.

Mercantilism

OPIUM WAR

British Colonist in India  (opium monopoly in Bengal)

Dream interpreted as Prophecy of his own life that he had been chosen by god to create a new world empire that would be favored by god.

turned Constanpole into a new Ottoman capital, Istanbul

 from hillbillies the Turks became world conquerors

Imperial model: Military Patronage State 

POTOSI

Biggest Strike

Spaniards "phrase 4 being rich"

Indian laborers "Mouth of hell"

"Silver went around the world & made the

world go round"

w/o Potosi, Spanish wouldn't have attempted 2

create an empire in Europe

RISE OF THE WEST

·      Great Dying, Sugar, African slavery, pilfered silver, opium, guns & war

·      How some states & peoples benefited from historically contingent events & geography to be able @ certain point in time (a historical conjuncture), to dominate others and to accumulate wealth and power.

SEVEN

 YEARS WAR 

The British victory in the Americas and in India

·      French lost their colonial claim in both N.America & in India which lead to greater British power & position in both parts of the world

SILKWORMS

·      Japanese innovation

·      New method of fertilization

o   Produces more efficient silk vs rice

·      Boost industrialization/economy

·      Yield increased by 10%

·      Important part of defensive industrialization

·      Silk paid for machines

MAIZE

·      The Columbian Exchange

o   Conquest of Americas led to natural products such as Maize (Corn)

o   Made it possible for populations there to increase

Mostly eaten by peasants

SOLOMONIDS

The Solomonids of Ethiopia

*saw themselves as divine kings *Glory of Kings Book

Fight off Muslims who sound NE Africa & create a stronghold 4 Christianity in the Mountains

*Nomadic emperors 

THE NEMESIS

What: Warship - all-iron gunboat that represented the applications of the tools of the Industrial Revolution (Iron & Steam) to the tools of war

Who: British used against China

When: 1 of the reasons British were able to defeat China in the 1st Opium War

MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE

·      Hero & villain of French Revolution

·      Argues that French Monarchy has become corrupt

·      Solution:  destroy all institutions that the French inherited from ancestors (ex: King, Feudal System)

Create New society founded on values of: Liberty, equality, etc

TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE

Led Haitian revolution

Abolish slavery, culminates declaration of republic of Haiti

DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN

Like French bill of rights - inform ppl of their rights

·      Immortality is causing problems (public calamites and corruption of government) caused by ignorance of rights

Peace of Utrecht

Permission given by Spanish Gov't to Britain to provide slaves to spanish colonies

in exchange-->silver-->used to buy chinese tea

JARED DIAMOND’S THESIS

   Guns, Germs, and Steel

·      Argued that farming gave some countries head start

·      Because of geography of Incas – they could never be as productive as Europeans

American Historian assoc. w/ Strong Afric Theory

African leaders were militarily & economically = to Portuguese & English traders & they didn't have 2 do anything they didn't want to do

*Africans controlled the process of acquiring & transporting slaves 2 coast because economically in their best interest 2 do so 

emancipation from slavery

Ex: Equiano & Robert King

MEIJI JAPAN

Represents 1^st ½ of the Empire of Japan during which Japanese society moved from being an isolated feudalism to its modern form - Marks

Gov’t control of foreign trade is of top importance for ensuring the prosperity and military security of the state

Ex: states should use their own raw materials to manufacture w/in their own borders anything that was imported - (english/India - keep textiles out_

MILITARY PATRONAGE STATE

TURKS: The Military Patronage State

·      Leadership

Divided into 2 people: Military and People

o   Military owns everything; land, business, etc

o   becomes an obstacle for Europeans who wants to trade with Asia.

MING DYNASTY 

China

·      Take over of Indian ocean (wants to expand)

·      Shipbuilding Frenzy, Show off, get currency no paper, become informal empire

·      Intervened in local affairs to install rulers more friendly to China

·      Started focusing on Great Wall because of problems in North w/ Nomads – stopped sailing

Walter Rodney said it made Africa more violent 

African rulers raided their neighbors to obtain slaves in exchange for guns which were used for slave raiding - cycle

MUHAMMAD ALI

Example of Industralization in Egypt

Powerful Family run business  - Japanese corporation – example: Mitsubishi  (Meiji period until end of World War II  (Vertical integration)

UNDERDEVELOPMENT 

·      Walter Rodney (1940-1980)

o   Economic impact – argues that the AST “underdeveloped Africa”  

o    population is labor – and labor is power – the AST thus permanently weakened Africa

o   It retarded the development of Africa’s industry – they didn’t focus on making things to export & can’t participate on an equal… economy like everyone else (315)

 (the have less’s)à The Underdevelped

·      Low/unskilled labor

·      Low or no wages

·      Cheap raw material exports

·      Produced leather

Permanently stuck in a subordinate