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-Quintessential man -Enormous influence on the enlightenment -Viewed religion as superstitious and intolerant -Stupidity of violent nationalism -Hopefulness but cynicism for the capacity of the people -Wrote "A treatise on Toleration" (1763) |
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-Translator of Newton’s Principia into French -Intellectual companion of Voltaire |
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| -Masterpiece: 17 volume Encyclopedia (1751-1765) The Rational Dictionary of Science, Arts, and Crafts” -Controversial and influential -Key support from Madame de Chatelet |
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| - (1657-1757) -Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686) |
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-Believed in government by the “general will” -Social contract |
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| -Salon hostess -Salons were comfortable “safe” places to discuss politics and views of the enlightenment without government censorship and dogmatic control |
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| -Absolute rule that still took science, religion, and other ideas of the enlightenment into consideration -Frederick the Great -Catherine the Great -Joseph II |
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| -(1756–1763) -Involved all of the major European powers of the period caused 900,000 to 1,400,000 deaths. -The war ended France's position as a major colonial power in the Americas -France lost its position as the leading power in Europe, until the time of the French Revolution. -Great Britain emerged as the dominant colonial power in the world. |
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| - 1755– 1766 -The British Stamp Act was the taxing of paper products by payable stamps. |
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| -Secret organization of American Patriots which originated in the Thirteen Colonies during the American Revolution. -British authorities and their supporters known as LoyalistsRebels, referring to them as "Sons of Violence" and "Sons of Iniquity." considered the Sons of Liberty as seditious -Patriots attacked the apparatus and symbols of British authority and power such as property of the gentry, Customs officers, East India Company tea, and as the war approached, vocal supporters of the Crown |
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| -1789 -The Oath was a pledge signed by 576 members out of 577 in a tennis court near the Palace of Versailles. |
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| - (1737 –1809) - English pamphleteer, revolutionary, radical, inventor, and intellectual. - His principal contribution was the powerful, widely-read pamphlet Common Sense (1776). - He greatly influenced the French Revolution. - He wrote the Rights of Man (1791), a guide to Enlightenment ideas. - He was elected to the French National Convention in 1792. |
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| “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen” |
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| -fundamental document of the French Revolution -defined the individual and collective rights of all the estates of the realm as universal. -Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights, the rights of Man are universal: valid at all times and in every place, pertaining to human nature itself -Although it establishes fundamental rights for French citizens and all men without exception, it addresses neither the status of women nor slavery |
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| -The sans-culottes were for the most part members of the poorer classes, or leaders of the populace, but during the Reign of Terror, public functionaries and persons of good education |
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| - (1769 – 1821) - short, mad - Tries to conquer Europe - French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the history of Europe |
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| - (1765) - Invented by James Hargreaves - multi-spool spinning wheel. - The device dramatically reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn, with a single worker able to work eight or more spools at once. |
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| - (1736 –1819) - Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer whose improvements to the steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both Britain and the world. |
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| - was a cast-iron and glass building originally erected in Hyde Park, London, England, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. - More than 14,000 exhibitors from around the world gathered in the exhibition space to display examples of the latest technology developed in the Industrial Revolution. |
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| - (1818–1883) - a German philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, revolutionary, and communist icon. - Marx's approach to history and politics is indicated by the opening line of the first chapter of The Communist Manifesto (1848): “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles”. Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, will produce internal tensions which will lead to its destruction. Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, capitalism itself will be displaced by communism, a classless society which emerges after a transitional period—socialism—in which the state would be nothing else but the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat |
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| “Separate Spheres” ideology |
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| - Women and men have distinct separate jobs - Women stay at home and do chores - Only men in politics |
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| - were a social movement of British textile artisans in the early nineteenth century who protested -often by destroying mechanized looms - protested against the changes produced by the Industrial Revolution, which they felt threatened their livelihood. |
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| - Laissez- faire - Free trade - Invisible hand - Basic human rights - Constitutional state - Universal suffrage |
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| - helped unify Italy from (1859-1570) -Southern Italy -Working class, son of a sailor -develop the “red shirts” - drive out the Austrians and establish an independent state |
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| -Helped unify Germany as leader of Prussia -Unites North Germany first and later Southern Germany - Argues that the key to unification of Germany is not liberalism but through military power - Eventual prime minister of Germany - Establishes an autocratic national state - Becomes emperor of German Empire -Leads to German becoming leading power in Europe |
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| - The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution - Were a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent - Described by some historians as a revolutionary wave, the period of unrest began on 12 January 1848 in Sicily and then, further propelled by the French Revolution of 1848, soon spread to the rest of Europe |
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| - (1856–1915) - An American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. - Taylor is regarded as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants[. - He was one of the intellectual leaders of the Efficiency Movement and his ideas, broadly conceived, were highly influential in the Progressive Era. |
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| “Second” Industrial Revolution |
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| - (1870-1914) - second phase of the Industrial Revolution, involving several developments within the chemical, electrical, petroleum, and steel industries. - includes the introduction of steam-driven steel ships, the development of the airplane, Mass production of consumer goods, the perfection of canning, mechanical refrigeration, and other food preservation techniques, and the invention of the telephone. |
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| - (1822 – 1895) - French chemist and microbiologist best known for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and prevention of disease. -His experiments supported the germ theory of disease - He created the first vaccine for rabies. He was best known to the general public for inventing a method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness - this process came to be called pasteurization. |
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| - 1859 - Develops the scientific theory of Evolution - His idea become to be applied to society through a theory called “Social Darwinism” - Social Darwinism becomes a justification for western imperialism - Natural selection/ variability of species -On the Origin of Species - Develops his theory on the Galapagos Islands - Ideas conflict with the Church’s views of creation |
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| -1899 - Poem by Rudyard Kipling - British Imperialist in India - argues that it is the obligation of superior races to suppress the inferior races |
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| - (1853– 1902) - An English-born businessman, mining magnate, and politician in South Africa. - He was the founder of the diamond company De Beers, at one time marketed 90% of the worlds diamonds. - wants to establish a railroad from South Africa to Egypt - Defeats the Dutch in the Boer War |
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| - (1899-1901) -an uprising by members of the Chinese Society of Right and Harmonious Fists against foreign influence in China - hostile to the Catholic influence in China |
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- represented about 95 percent of the nation of France - the nobles and the clergy could veto any decision made by the third estate - suppessed by the higher levels of government |
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- elected to the committee of Public Safety - chief spokesman of the Revolution - dedicated to democratic ideals - remains one of the most controversial figures in history because of his associatio with the reign of terror
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