Term
| PINGO: How many percent of human genome falls into degmental duplication? |
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Definition
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Term
| PINGO: Can segmental duplications be polymorphic? |
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Definition
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Term
| PINGO: Where segmental duplications are enriched? |
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Definition
| SDs are enriched close to telomeres and close to centromers |
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Term
| PINGO: How seqmental duplications could be generated? |
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Definition
| By non-homologus recombination |
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Term
| PINGO: What makes a major problem for genome assembling? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many copies of Alu elements exist in the human genome? |
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Definition
| Between 1 and 10 millions |
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Term
| PINGO: What fraction of the genome is annotated as Repeat (i.e. masked by Repeat Masker)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Outline the structure and size of average protein-coding mRNA |
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Definition
5' cap, 5'UTR, CDS, 3' UTR, polyA tail
CDS 1500 bp, 5’UTR 170 bp on average, 3’ UTR 700 bp on average |
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Term
| How many people will be diagnosed with cancer during their lifetime? |
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Definition
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Term
| PINGO: What is the mortality from cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the differece between cardiovascular desease and cancer? |
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Definition
Cardiocascular: single decease of a single system with single cause
Cancer: multiple |
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Term
| What is the hallmark characteristic of cancer? |
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Definition
| Unchecked growth that progresses toward limitless expansion |
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Term
| PINGO: What is the different types of cancer? |
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Definition
Carcinomas arise from the cells that cover external and
internal body surfaces = epithelial(Lung, breast, and colon).
Sarcomas are cancers arising from cells found in the supporting tissues of the body such as bone,
cartilage, fat, connective tissue, and muscle (mesenchima).
Lymphomas are cancers that arise in the lymph nodes and immune system.
Leukemias are cancers of the immature blood cells |
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Term
| What happens with growth control in cancer cells? |
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Definition
In normal tissues, the rates of new cell growth
and old cell death are kept in balance. In cancer, this balance is disrupted. This disruption can
result from uncontrolled cell growth or loss of a cells ability to undergo apoptosis. |
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Term
| How Phyladelphia chromosome is formed? |
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Definition
| A reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 |
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Term
| What is the exogenous cause of cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Outline the processes of invasion and metastasis |
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Definition
Cancers are capable of spreading throughout the body by two mechanisms: invasion and metastasis. Invasion refers to the direct migration and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues. Metastasis refers to the ability of cancer cells to penetrate into lymphatic and blood vessels, circulate through the bloodstream, and then invade normal tissues elsewhere in the body. |
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Term
| What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors? |
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Definition
| Benign tumors are tumors that cannot spread by invasion or metastasis; hence, they only grow locally. Malignant tumors are tumors that are capable of spreading by invasion and metastasis. By deÞnition, the term cancer applies only to malignant tumors. |
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Term
| What are the features of cancer cells? |
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Definition
| Among the traits the doctor looks for are a large number of irregularly shaped dividing cells, variation in nuclear size and shape, variation in cell size and shape, loss of specialized cell features, loss of normal tissue organization, and a poorly deÞned tumor boundary. |
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Term
| What hyperplasia stands for? |
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Definition
| Hyperplasia refers to tissue growth based on an excessive rate of cell division, leading to a larger than usual number of cells. Nonetheless, cell structure and the orderly arrangement of cells within the tissue remain normal, and the process of hyperplasia is potentially reversible. Hyperplasia can be a normal tissue response to an irritating stimulus. |
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Term
| What dysplasia stands for? |
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Definition
| Dysplasia is an abnormal type of excessive cell proliferation characterized by loss of normal tissue arrangement and cell structure. Often such cells revert back to normal behavior, but occasionally they gradually become malignant. |
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Term
| What are the endogenous causes of cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Oncogenes are genes whose PRESENCE in certain forms and/or overactivity can
stimulate the development of cancer. |
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Term
| What are proto-oncogenes? |
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Definition
| Oncogenes are related to normal genes called proto-oncogenes that encode components of the cells normal growth-control pathway |
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Term
| What are tumor suppressor genes? |
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Definition
| Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes whose ABSENCE can lead to cancer. (p53) |
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Term
| What are the convergent paths of cancer? |
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Definition
1) Cancer as heritable cellular phenotype: cancer cells breed true
2)Many causes of cancer damage DNA, causing mutations
3) Abnormal chromosomes in cancer cells
4)The cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes:proto-oncogenes
5)Congenial cancer |
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Term
| The main features of retinablastoma gene |
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Definition
| The deletion in chr13 segregates with the desease, removes a gene known as RB1 |
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Term
| PINGO: Cancer is often the result of activation of ____ to ____ and the inactivation of ____ genes |
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Definition
| proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes |
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Term
| PINGO: Familial cancer is caused by ...? |
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Definition
| a germline mutation plus a somatic mutation in affected tissue |
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Term
| PINGO: In what way does the ras oncogene contribute to cancers? |
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Definition
| Ras codes for a GTPase switch protein, which in its mutated form cannot be switched off |
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Term
| PINGO: Why is retinoblastoma gene is known to inherit as autosomal dominant, while being a recessive? |
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Definition
| If you are born with one allele mutated in every cell, the chance that the other allele will be mutated in one of the retinal cells is extremely high |
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