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| ended Revolution, signed by American, British, and French negotiators; Britain recognized independence of US |
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| English novelist, wrote Robinson Crusoe |
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| Voltaire's humorous novel in which the hero travels all over the world in search of "the best of all possible worlds"; slyly exposed corruption and hypocrisy of European society |
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| policy that allowed business to operate with little or no gov't interference |
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- formerly Francois-Marie Arouet
- most famous philosophe; used biting wit to expose abuses of day
- outspoken attacks led to his imprisonment and exile |
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- English thinker, 1600's; key to Enlightenment
- believed that people were basically reasonable and moral and had natural rights
- wrote Two Treatises of Government - believed that gov't formed to protect natural rights |
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- English thinker, 1600's; key to Enlightenment
- wrote ideas in the Leviathan
- believed that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish --> only strict control could keep society from "brutish life" |
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- formally restated the traditional rights of English citizens
- abolished excessive fines and cruel/unjust punishment
- affirmed habeas corpus |
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| Parliament forces, made up of country gentry, town-dwelling manufactuerers, and Puritan clergy; named for their hairstyle |
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- supporters of Charles I during English Civil War
- mostly wealthy nobles; well trained in dueling |
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| principle where no person could be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime |
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| way of the warrior; emphasized honor, bravery, and absolute loyalty |
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| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre |
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- conflict between Huguenots and Catholics that led to the massacre of thousands of Huguenots
- symbolized complete breakdown of order in France |
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| miniature Japanese poems, consisted of 3 lines and totaled to 17 syllables |
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| leader of majority party in Parliament, and in time the chief official of the British government |
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middle class; top of the Third Estate
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| nobles, clergy, and others who had fled revolutionary France |
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- leader of Committee of Public Safety
- shrewd politician and lawyer
- selfless dedication to the revolution - led to nickname "the incorruptible" |
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| French national anthem; sung when troops were marching into Marseilles |
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| American; used Watt's steam engine to power his steamboat up the Hudson River |
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| idea by Jeremy Bentham that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" of citizens |
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| to end poverty and injustice - the people as a whole rather than private individuals own and operate businesses that produced and distributed goods |
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| large Pacific region that is prone to frequent earthquakes and volcanoes; includes the islands of Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, and many more |
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| a ruler with complete authority over the government and lives of the people |
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- a belief that grew from a Buddhist sect from China
- emphasized meditation and devotion to duty
- flourished during Japan's feudal; widespread acceptance among Samurai
- valued peace, simplicity, love, nature --> greatly influenced Japanese life |
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| supreme military commander |
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| belief that the ruler's authority to rule came directly from God |
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| author of Don Quixote, the first modern novel in Europe |
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- French emperor and brilliant general during the revolution
- known for being an able leader, instituting the Napoleonic code and other successful reforms, and redrawing the map of Europe |
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- Gernam social philosopher and revolutionary
- supported "scientific socialism"
- published The Communist Manifesto |
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| in 1800's: wanted to restore and preserve past power and traditions; lower classes should respect social superiors; supported an established church; suppress revolutionary ideas |
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| in 1800's: embraced Enlightenment ideas; defended natural rights; were against divine-right monarchy, old aristocracy, and established churches; wanted equality; mostly middle class |
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| an association to fix prices, set production quotas, or divide up markets |
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| applying the idea of survival of the fittest to war and economic competition |
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| enterprising merchants who organized, managed, and assumed the risks of doing business |
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| the investment of money to make a profit |
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| the economic cycle that involves a rise in prices linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available |
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| decrease in the general price of goods and services due to the decrease in consumer activity |
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| representatives who ruled in the king's name |
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| workers forced to labor for a landlord in order to pay off a debt |
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| people of Native American and European descent |
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| American born descendents of Spanish settlers |
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| people of African and European descent |
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| Portuguese explorer; successfully led 4 ships around the Cape of Good Hope to Calicut, India |
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| Portuguese explorer that led the voyage around the globe; sailed and named the Pacific (peaceful) Ocean |
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| horrifying voyage from Africa to America; imported African slaves |
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- part of the Seven Years' War that took place in English colonies
- between Britain and France (with Indians on French side)
- British won; Treaty of Paris ended war; France ceded territory to Britain |
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- large conflict involving most of Europe; (1618 - 1648)
- religious and political causes; fighting for balance of powers
- ended with Peace of Westphalia
- France won most territory; Germany left divided; Europe in a general peace |
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| immense palace near Paris; became perfect symbol of Louis XIV's wealth and power |
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| - royal house that ruled England from 1485 to 1603 |
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| legislative body in England; discussed matters of state |
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| general assembly that represented French collection of peoples - clergy, nobles, and townspeople |
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| agent of the British East India Company; used an army of British troops and sepoys to drive the French from trading post in India |
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| Korea, during a time of isolation from all foreigners |
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| czar of Russia; regained absolute power and strengthened Russia; established St. Petersburg as a symbol of modern Russia |
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| *technology that sparked agricultural/industrial revolution |
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- crop rotation - Townshend urged farmers to grow turnips, which restored the soil
- seed drill - by Jethro Tull; deposited seeds in rows
- stronger horses and fatter livestock - Bakewell
**agricultural revolution sparked rapid population growth**
- improved steam engine - provied power for early Industrial Revolution
- spinning mule - produced stronger, finer thread; inspired better weaving machines
- steam powered locomotive - revolutionized transportation
- dynamo - provided electricity |
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- rebirth of art, creativity and interest in classical learning
- Lorenzo de' Medici - represented Renaissance ideal; clever politician, generous patron of the arts
- Francesco Petrarch - early Renaissance humanist; found and restored old manuscripts
- Leonardo da Vinci - one of the most brilliant Florentine artists; scientist, inventor, and painter |
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- reform movement against the abuses in the Catholic Church
- became too materialistic
- Martin Luther: reformer who spoke out against Church and spread his own teachings |
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- reform movement of Catholic Church to combat Protestant Reformation
- led by Pope Paul III; set out to revive the moral authority of the Church and end corruption
- Council of Trent - met to reaffirm traditional Catholic views
**both reforms left Europe divided |
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- time of scientific discoveries that provided new ways of thinking about the physical universe
- Copernicus - proposed a sun-centered model of the universe
- Galileo - developed the telescope; affirmed Copernicus' ideas
- Newton - explained Copernicus' ideas; provided a theory on gravity |
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| *how feudalism provided political, economic, and social order |
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- emperor was only a figurehead: real power lay in the hands of the shogun
- shogun controlled a small part of Japan; distributed land to vassal lords who supported him with warriors in time of need
- centralized feudalism - more unified orderly society
- new laws fixed old social order
- upheld a strict moral code
- trade flourished; economy grew; newly restored peace |
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- economic conditions improved
- learning and the arts flourished
- feudal monarchs moved to centralize power
- 1300's - famine, plague, and war marked decline of medieval Europe |
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