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Normal Erythrocyte (red blood cell)

Distinguishing Features: 

- No nucleus

- No granules

- "Donut shape" with Hg at periphery, middle 1/3    

  clear

- Bioconcave

- No mitochondria (anaerobic energy production)

Size: 7-8 µm

Life-span: 120 days

Function:

- Contains hemoglobin, which carries O₂

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Normal Erythrocyte (red blood cell)

Distinguishing Features: 

- No nucleus

- No granules

- "Donut shape" with Hg at periphery, middle 1/3    

  clear

- Bioconcave

- No mitochondria (anaerobic energy production)

Size: 7-8 µm

Life-span: 120 days

Function:

- Contains hemoglobin, which carries O₂

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Normal Platelet (thrombocyte) 

Distinguishing features:

- No nucleus

- Granular cytoplasm

- Smallest blood cell type

- Actin for contraction

- Rich canalicular system 

Size: 2-4 µm, smallest blood cell

Life-span: 10 days 

Function:

- Stop bleeding, release growth factors to promote healing 

Normal count: 140-450,000 /µL 

- Second most abundant cell type in the blood (after RBCs)

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Normal Neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte)

Distinguishing features:

- Segmented nucleus, 3-5 lobules

- Granular cytoplasm, smallest granules (stain

  purple)

- Dense, dark-staining heterochromatin, clefts of 

  lighter-colored euchromatin

Size: 12 - 15 µm

Life-span: 7 hours

Function:

- Phagocytosis, especially of microorganisms

- Pus is composed partly of dead neutrophils

Normal count: 4,000 - 6,000 /µL   

(makes up 54-62% of leukocytes in healthy person)

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Normal Neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte)

Distinguishing features:

- Segmented nucleus, 3-5 lobules

- Granular cytoplasm, smallest granules (stain

  purple)

- Dense, dark-staining heterochromatin, clefts of 

  lighter-colored euchromatin

Size: 12 - 15 µm

Life-span: 7 hours

Function:

- Phagocytosis, especially of microorganisms

- Pus is composed partly of dead neutrophils

Normal count: 4,000 - 6,000 /µL   

(makes up 54-62% of leukocytes in healthy person)

Normal Neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte)

Distinguishing features:

- Segmented nucleus, 3-5 lobules

- Granular cytoplasm, smallest granules (stain

  purple)

- Dense, dark-staining heterochromatin, clefts of 

  lighter-colored euchromatin

Size: 12 - 15 µm

Life-span: 7 hours

Function:

- Phagocytosis, especially of microorganisms

- Pus is composed partly of dead neutrophils

Normal count: 4,000 - 6,000 /µL   

(makes up 54-62% of leukocytes in healthy person)

Normal Neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte)

Distinguishing features:

- Segmented nucleus, 3-5 lobules

- Granular cytoplasm, smallest granules (stain

  purple)

- Dense, dark-staining heterochromatin, clefts of 

  lighter-colored euchromatin

Size: 12 - 15 µm

Life-span: 7 hours

Function:

- Phagocytosis, especially of microorganisms

- Pus is composed partly of dead neutrophils

Normal count: 4,000 - 6,000 /µL   

(makes up 54-62% of leukocytes in healthy person)

Normal Neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte)

Distinguishing features:

- Segmented nucleus, 3-5 lobules

- Granular cytoplasm, smallest granules (stain

  purple)

- Dense, dark-staining heterochromatin, clefts of 

  lighter-colored euchromatin

Size: 12 - 15 µm

Life-span: 7 hours

Function:

- Phagocytosis, especially of microorganisms

- Pus is composed partly of dead neutrophils

Normal count: 4,000 - 6,000 /µL   

(makes up 54-62% of leukocytes in healthy person)

Normal Neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte)

Distinguishing features:

- Segmented nucleus, 3-5 lobules

- Granular cytoplasm, smallest granules (stain

  purple)

- Dense, dark-staining heterochromatin, clefts of 

  lighter-colored euchromatin

Size: 12 - 15 µm

Life-span: 7 hours

Function:

- Phagocytosis, especially of microorganisms

- Pus is composed partly of dead neutrophils

Normal count: 4,000 - 6,000 /µL   

(makes up 54-62% of leukocytes in healthy person)

Neutrophilic Band Cell

Distinguishing features:

- Horse-shoe shaped nucleus, not yet segmented 

- Granules in the cytoplasm, similar to those in mature neutrophil

Size:

Function:

- Last stage in the development of a neutrophil

  (mature neutrophil also called "seg")

- Presence of bands can indicate infection

Normal count: In a healthy individual, bands make up 3-5% of total leukocytes (or less?)

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Normal Eosinophil

Distinguishing features:

- Segmented nucleus, 2-3 lobules

- Granular cytoplasm, large eosinophilic 

  (pink/red) granules

- Dense, darkly-staining chromatin (like neutrophil)

Size: 12 - 15 µm

Life-span: Unknown

Function:

- Participates in IgE mediated allergic rxns

- Attacks parasites

Normal count: < 450 /µL             

(Makes up 1-3% of leukocytes in healthy individual)

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Normal Eosinophil

Distinguishing features:

- Segmented nucleus, 2-3 lobules

- Granular cytoplasm, large eosinophilic 

  (pink/red) granules

- Dense, darkly-staining chromatin (like neutrophil)

Size: 12 - 15 µm

Life-span: Unknown

Function:

- Participates in IgE mediated allergic rxns

- Attacks parasites

Normal count: < 450 /µL             

(Makes up 1-3% of leukocytes in healthy individual)

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Normal Basophil

Distinguishing features:

- Segmented nucleus, 2-3 lobules

- Granular cytoplasm, very large basophilic granules

  (stain dark purple to black)

- Smudged, dark-staining heterochromatin

Size: 12-15 µm

Life-span: Life-span unknown, likely short

Function:

- Not entirely known

- Secrete vasoactive substances, participate in allergic reactions

Normal count: < 50 /µL              

(Makes up <0.75% of leukocytes in healthy person, least abundant type of leukocyte.)

[image]

Normal Basophil

Distinguishing features:

- Segmented nucleus, 2-3 lobules

- Granular cytoplasm, very large basophilic granules

  (stain dark purple to black)

- Smudged, dark-staining heterochromatin

Size: 12-15 µm

Life-span: Life-span unknown, likely short

Function:

- Not entirely known

- Secrete vasoactive substances, participate in allergic reactions

Normal count: < 50 /µL              

(Makes up <0.75% of leukocytes in healthy person, least abundant type of leukocyte.)

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Normal Lymphocyte

Distinguishing features:

- Round or irregular unsegmented nucleus

- No granules in the cytoplasm

- Smudged, "patchy," dark-staining heterochromatin

- High nucleus:cytoplasm ratio

Size: 6-15 µm (large variation in size)

Life-span: long life-span

Function:

- Participates in immune response

   - B-cells: humoral immunity

   - T-cells: cellular immunity

Normal count: 2,000 - 5,000 /µL         

(Makes up 25-33% of leukocytes in healthy person, second most abundant type of leukocyte, after neutrophils.)

[image]

Normal Lymphocyte

Distinguishing features:

- Round or irregular unsegmented nucleus

- No granules in the cytoplasm

- Smudged, "patchy," dark-staining heterochromatin

- High nucleus:cytoplasm ratio

Size: 6-15 µm (large variation in size)

Life-span: long life-span

Function:

- Participates in immune response

   - B-cells: humoral immunity

   - T-cells: cellular immunity

Normal count: 2,000 - 5,000 /µL         

(Makes up 25-33% of leukocytes in healthy person, second most abundant type of leukocyte, after neutrophils.)

Normal Lymphocyte

Distinguishing features:

- Round or irregular unsegmented nucleus

- No granules in the cytoplasm

- Smudged, "patchy," dark-staining heterochromatin

- High nucleus:cytoplasm ratio

Size: 6-15 µm (large variation in size)

Life-span: long life-span

Function:

- Participates in immune response

   - B-cells: humoral immunity

   - T-cells: cellular immunity

Normal count: 2,000 - 5,000 /µL         

(Makes up 25-33% of leukocytes in healthy person, second most abundant type of leukocyte, after neutrophils.)

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Normal Monocyte

Distinguishing features:

- Nucleus bean-shaped to irregular, not segmented

- No granules in the cytoplasm

- Linear "raked" heterochromatin

- Lots of lighter-staining euchromatin

Size: 12-20 µm (largest blood cell on average)

Life-span: Short

Function:

- Migrates into tissues where it becomes a macrophage (called different things in different organs: lung alveolar macrophage, liver kupffer cell, kidney mesangial cell)

   - Carries out phagocytosis

   - Presents antigens

   - Regulates immune response

Normal count: 500-1,000 /µL      

(makes up 3-7% of leukocytes in healthy person)

[image]

Normal Monocyte

Distinguishing features:

- Nucleus bean-shaped to irregular, not segmented

- No granules in the cytoplasm

- Linear "raked" heterochromatin

- Lots of lighter-staining euchromatin

Size: 12-20 µm (largest blood cell on average)

Life-span: Short

Function:

- Migrates into tissues where it becomes a macrophage (called different things in different organs: lung alveolar macrophage, liver kupffer cell, kidney mesangial cell)

   - Carries out phagocytosis

   - Presents antigens

   - Regulates immune response

Normal count: 500-1,000 /µL      

(makes up 3-7% of leukocytes in healthy person)

Normal Monocyte

Distinguishing features:

- Nucleus bean-shaped to irregular, not segmented

- No granules in the cytoplasm

- Linear "raked" heterochromatin

- Lots of lighter-staining euchromatin

Size: 12-20 µm (largest blood cell on average)

Life-span: Short

Function:

- Migrates into tissues where it becomes a macrophage (called different things in different organs: lung alveolar macrophage, liver kupffer cell, kidney mesangial cell)

   - Carries out phagocytosis

   - Presents antigens

   - Regulates immune response

Normal count: 500-1,000 /µL      

(makes up 3-7% of leukocytes in healthy person)

Proerythroblast

Distinguishing features:

- Large cell

- Large round nucleus with nucleolus

- Lots of euchromatin with heterochromatin in a

  characteristic lacy, reticular pattern

- Basophilic cytoplasm (blue-staining)

Size:

Function:

- First stage of developing erythrocyte

- At this stage it has lots of RNA, no Hg.

Basophilic Erythroblast

Distinguishing features:

- Smaller in size than pro-erythroblast

- Chromatin more condensed than pro-erythroblast

- Cytoplasm still basophilic

- Occasional clear clefts in cytoplasm (development

  of reticuloendothelium & non-Hg proteins)

Size:

Function:

- Second stage in development of erythrocyte

- Still no Hg present

Polychromatic Erythroblast

Distinguishing features:

- Smaller than chromatophilic erythroblast

- Chromatin very dense

- No nucleolus

- Cytoplasm lighter-colored (due to Hg)

Size:

Function:

- Third stage in developing erythroblast

- Now has begun to develop Hg, but still has lots of

  RNA: the half-and-half stage

Orthochromatophilic (Pyknotic) Erythroblast

Distinguishing features:

- Almost as small as RBC

- Intensely basophilic nucleus, very condensed

  heterochromatin, no more euchromatin ("lump of

  coal")

- Cytoplasm is the color of RBC (due to Hg)

Size:

Function:

- Fourth stage in development of erythrocyte

- Stage just before extrusion of the nucleus, lots of

  Hg present, very little RNA

Reticulocyte

Distinguishing features:

- No nucleus (has been extruded)

- Cytoplasm the color of RBC (due to Hg)

- Cannot identify in regular blood preparation, must

  use special stains (e.g. crystal violet, identifies

  polyribosomes)

Size:

Function:

- Final (fifth) stage before maturation into RBC

- Almost identical to RBC, but still contains a small

  amount of RNA.

Normal count: 25-75,000 /µL