Term
| What is the name for the principle stain in hematology? |
|
Definition
| Wright stains or Romanowsky |
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Term
| What is the fixative in a wright stain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of a buffer in a wright stain? |
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Definition
| To alter the pH to facilitate ionization (makes the stain occur) |
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|
Term
True or False:
Hemaglobin is known as an acidic cellular element. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the 2 macroscopic characteristics of a properly stained slide? |
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Definition
1) Pinkish-blue appearance
2) Precipitated stain should not be on underside of slide |
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Term
| What does a platelet look like under the microscope? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does a platelet look like under the microscope? |
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Definition
| bluish cytoplasm with purple granules |
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Term
| Excess buffer during the staining process will often leave the slide looking ... |
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Definition
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Term
| An excessively thin smear will leave the slide looking ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Inadequate washing of the slide during staining will leave the slide looking... |
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Definition
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Term
| If a stain is not properly filtered, what can occur? |
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Definition
| Precipitation on the slide will result |
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Term
| When creating a stained slide, how long do you dip the blood smear in the stain for? |
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Definition
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Term
| When creating a stained slide, how long do you leave the slide in a deionizing agent? (distilled h2o) |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you perform a platelet estimation? |
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Definition
| The number of platelets in an oil immersion field * 20000 |
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Term
| What is the reference value for bands? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the R.V. for pmn's? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many fields back should a good blood smear slide have unstacked rbc's? |
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Definition
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Term
| When preparing a smear, if you move too quickly, what will your smear look like? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How does the angle of the spreader affect the appearance of your slide? |
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Definition
Angle too high = too thick
Angle too low = too thin |
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Term
| When examining a smear under 10x, what 3 things can you do? |
|
Definition
Find a good area
Examine stain quality
Examine cell distribution |
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|
Term
| Under what objective would you observe abnormal WBC morphology? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Under what objective would you get a WBC estimate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Under what objective would you complete a WBC differential? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Under what objective would you observe platelet morphology? platelet estimate? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| RBC morphology is observed under which objective? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| NRBC is completed using which objective? |
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Definition
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Term
| Eosin stain ______ elements while ___________ stains _______ elements. |
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Definition
Eosin - stains basic elements
Methylene blue - stains acidic elements |
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Term
| What two WBC's are known as mononuclear? Polynuclear? |
|
Definition
Lymphocyte and monocyte
Basophil, eosinophil, pmn |
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|
Term
True or FAlse:
lymphocytes and monocytes are known as granulocytes. |
|
Definition
false
they are non-granulocytes |
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Term
| What is the general function of a lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the general function of basophils? |
|
Definition
Phagocytize Ag-Ab compelxes
(hypersensitivity) |
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Term
| What is the first type of cell that one can easily distinguish within the monocytic family? |
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Definition
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Term
| B-lymphocytes are involved in what type of immunity? T-Lymphocytes? What are the %'s of each type? |
|
Definition
B - humoral 20%
T - cell-mediated 80% |
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|
Term
| Null cells are also known as? What is their function? |
|
Definition
Natural killer
To kill cells prior to sensitization |
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Term
True or False;
A lymphoid is the precursor to a lymphocyte and a colony stimulating factor is the precursor to the rest of the WBC's. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| General function of eosinophils? |
|
Definition
| Digest parasites and predominant cell in allergic rxns |
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Term
| What type of WBC moves into the tissue to remove dead cell debris? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| If you get stung by a bee, which WBC would be increased if your were allergic to bees? |
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Definition
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|
Term
True or False:
Lymphocytes have the ability to be recycled? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
PMNs typically target viruses while lymphocytes typically target bacteria |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Monocytes are the only cells that can reproduce themselves once they hit maturity? |
|
Definition
False
This describes lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Mature lymphocytes have nucleoli. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased central palor and decrease hg [ ] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two different populations of hg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lack central pallor
increased cell thickness
decreases SA:V ratio |
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|
Term
| What defines a cell as macrocytic and microcytic? |
|
Definition
Macro is greater than 9.8-9.0 micrometers
microcytic is less than 6 micrometers |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| variance in rbc population based on diameter and size |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| variance in shape of a rbc |
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Term
|
Definition
round rbc which lacks central pallor
decreased SA:V ratio
increased fragility |
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|
Term
| elliptocyte/ovalocyte (same thing) |
|
Definition
| bipolar aggregation of hg causes elongation of rbc |
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Term
|
Definition
| crenated rbc (lots of bumps) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| irregular spicules denoting a plasma abnormality |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| bowl shaped, elongated central pallor |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the presence of a schistocyte denote? |
|
Definition
| presence of hemolytic process |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Schistocytes can arise from a heredity abnormality. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| teardrop cells are known as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of rbc arises as a result of thermal damage to cell membrane in severe burns? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease is associated with drepanocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a howell jolly body? |
|
Definition
| RBC inclusion which contains DNA |
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|
Term
| Pappenheimer bodys are... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a polychromatophilic red cell |
|
Definition
| immature rbc with remnants of rna |
|
|
Term
| A circular, figure 8, RBC inclusion is known as a... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Heinz bodies appear as...
They are under the category of... |
|
Definition
pitted golf ball
abnormal hemoglobin precipitation |
|
|
Term
Hemoglobin CC crystals are known as...
Hemoglobin SC crystals are known as... |
|
Definition
CC -intraerythrocytes
SC - distorted RBC membrane "looks like washingtons monument" |
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|
Term
| What is rouleaux and how is it combatted? |
|
Definition
| Rouleax is stacked rbcs and saline will disperse |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of peripheral proteins in a rbc? |
|
Definition
| control biconcavity and deformability |
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|
Term
| Where do RBC antigens form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or FAlse:
Cations are permeable to the rbc membrane while anions require a pump |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What provides 90% of the ATP for RBC's? |
|
Definition
| Embden meyerhoff pathway (anaerobic glycolysis) |
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|
Term
| The HMP shunt functions to... |
|
Definition
| protect RBC from H2O2 accumulation |
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|
Term
| How does iron remain the the ferrous state? |
|
Definition
| By the methemoglobin reductase pathway |
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|
Term
| What is the funtion of 2,3-DPG? |
|
Definition
| regulates O2 delivery to tissues |
|
|
Term
| What pathway accumulates 2,3-DPG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Most RBC catabolism occurs intravascularly? |
|
Definition
False
90% occurs extravascularly |
|
|
Term
| How does extravascular hemolysis occur? intravascular? |
|
Definition
extra - engulfment by macrophages
intra - cell lysis within vessel |
|
|
Term
| What is contained within each hemoglobin molecule? |
|
Definition
| 4 heme groups and 1 globulin |
|
|
Term
| Each heme molecule contains... |
|
Definition
A ring of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen atoms, and one atom of ferrous iron
(ring is called protoporphyrin IX) |
|
|
Term
| Each globin molecule contains... |
|
Definition
2 pairs of polypeptide chains
141-146 AA's each |
|
|
Term
| What are the normal percentages for the different types of hemoglobin in a healthy adult? |
|
Definition
97% A1 (2 alpha, 2 beta)
2.5% A2
<1% F (fetal) |
|
|
Term
| What is the relative shape of a hemoglobin molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Hemoglobins structure and function is independent of other molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major controller of O2 affinity within hemoglobin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The relaxed form of hemoglobin is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Oxyhemoglobin binds 2,3-DPG which increases its affinity for O2 |
|
Definition
False
oxyhemoglobing EXPELS 2,3-DPG but it does increase its affinity for O2 |
|
|
Term
| What is the tense form of hemoglobin called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does partial pressure of oxygen play a role in hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
| It shows the amount of O2 picked up and released |
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|
Term
| What is a shift left and how does it differ from a shift right |
|
Definition
shift left leads to an increased O2 affinity for hemoglobin leading to tissue O2 starvation.
Shift right is the exact opposite |
|
|
Term
| decreased pH, increased DPG and increased temperature all lead to a shift left or right? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| becoming alkalinic, decreasing DPG and decreasing temperature all lead to a shift left or right? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the haldane effect? |
|
Definition
| Deoxygenation of blood increases its affinity for CO2 while oxygenated blood has a decreased affinity for CO2 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Iron in ferric state (Fe+++) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemically altered, irreversible form of hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| What must iron be bound to, to enter circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is iron metabolism regulated? |
|
Definition
| By controlling absorption, not excretion |
|
|
Term
| How is iron stored in the body? |
|
Definition
| As ferritin (reserve form) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
The hematocrit is useful in diagnosing anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rule of three? |
|
Definition
| The hemoglobin should be 3 times the hematocrit + 3 |
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