Muscular Dystrophy

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-Genetic DIsease

-1/3500 males

-Progressive muscle degeneration(cardiac &skel)

-Due to absence of COSTAMERES

[Poor balance, diff. walking, freq falls,droopy eyes]

Multiple Sclerosis

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-Autoimmune Disease attacks myelin sheath around nerves

-3x more common in women

-less prevalent in tropical than temperate climates

[muscle weakness/spasms,difficulty moving]

Myasthenia Gravis

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-AUtoimmune disorder (1/7500 Americans)

-flattened post junctional folds

-damage to postsynaptic membrane

[facial weakness & difficulty chewing, limb weakness,repiratory difficulty]

Malignant Hyperthermia

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-RAre genetic disorder

-mutated RYANODINE RECEPTOR

-treat with Dantrolene IV

[massive muscle conrtraction, rapid rise in body temperature]

Atrial Flutter

Irregular P waves

most common abnormsl heart rythm

AFib

irregular Pwaves

canlead to stroke HF,blood clot

V fib 

death 

very fast irregular

No CO

Mitral Valve Prolapse (10-15% women)

prevalent in women

most common valve disease

enlarged leaflets/longated chod tendina

[can cause endocarditis and arrythmias]

[can be asymptomatic, or palpitations,MIDSYSTOLE clicks, murmurs

Mitral regurgitation

s3 & LV/LA enlarged

left side HF

pulmonary Edema [behind LA]

holo/panSYSTOLIC murmer (all s1 to s2)

Mitral stenosis

thickeningcalcification of valves/shrt thick chords(bc strep/rheumatic fever)

LOUD S1[opening snap]

DIASTOLIC rumble

inc P in atrium

atrial arrythmias

big LA, Right Heart Fail!!!

20% thrombus form/pulmonary Edema

Aortic Stenosis [SYTSOLIC]

rigid valve{bc fibrosis/calcification](bc  rheumatic HDisease/senile calcify/congenital deform)

late sytole eject. murmer/S4 sound

 pressure overload in ventr

chest pain,syncope,HF, dizzy w/ exercise,cyanosis

dec aortic P/inc LV P

Aortic Regurgitation[DIASTOLIC MURMER]

CAUSES

floppy leaflet/deformed aortic root[bc rheumatic dis.,cingenital defect, endocarditis

{MARFAN SYNDROME,aneurysm,Syphilis=dilated root}

HTN

SX
early di.murmr

backflow into LV =abnorml aorta P/LV P inc

[angina fatigue,dyspnea,pulm. edma] 

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Atrial Septal Defect [end of  diast. beg of syst]

Incomplete closure of the atrial septum

inc risk of pneumonia

inc right heart wrk

causes murmr

inc risk of clot and stroke

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy{VERRY THICK WALLS}

unabl to do Diastolic Relaxtion[cnt fillhrt]

contractility is normal or inc

dec relaxtion inc diast P

S3, S4 

Diastolic Murmer if mitral obstruction

ventr arryhtmias

hypotension if fatigue

ischemia angina

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Dilated Cardiomyopathy

impaired systolic func

[alcohol & anti cancer drugs]

S3, dec SV, dec EF, inc Filling P,inc vein P

Murmers: mitral regurg

Arrythmias: AFib, Vtach

Edema(CHF)

fatigue, weak, syncope

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Diastolic

dec diast relaxtion, inc diast fill P

dec fill, dec SV

palpitations, syncope,weakness

Arryhtmias:Afib VFib

Edema (HF)

[amyloidosis,glycogen storage disease, radiation]

Heart failure

inability to pump enough blood for CO

EF is low

EF preserved inDiastolic failure

Myocardial Infarction

necrosis from irreversible hypoxia

Decreased contraction

HF life threatning Dysrhythmia

Chest pain/indigestion, apnea, vomitting, lightheadedness,cool clammy skinny, elevated K+ and Mg2+

pericardial friction rub

Raynauds Syndrome

Vasculitis=inflammation of vessel wall due to immune esponse[extrremeties]

episodes of reduced blood flow due to spasm of arteries. Typically the fingers, and less commonly the toes, are involved. 

 triggered by cold or emotional stress

Coarctation of the aorta

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 congenital condition

 left ventricle has to work harder. Since the aorta is narrowed

Aneurysm=local dilation of vessel wall or heart chamber

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arteriosclerosis=plaque formation erodes vessel wall

-causes=infection,trauma,rupture,arteriosclerosis

SHOCK

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Hypovolemic=hemmorhage, burn,diarrhea,vomit(low vol)

Cardiogenic=myocardial fail,acute valve defect,MI(low CO)

Anaphylactic=allergic rxn to bite, food(vasodilat)

Septic=endotoxin,NO(vasodilat)

Neurogenic= anesthesia, reflex response to traumatic injury (loss of vascular tone)