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Health Psychology exam 4
Chapters 9, 11, and 12
43
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
11/12/2009

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Term
placebo effect
Definition
PEOPLE WHO RECEIVE A PLACEBO DRUG TO REDUCE THEIR PAIN NOT KNOWING THE DRUG IS INERT, OFTEN REPORT THAT IT RELIEVES THEIR SYMPTOMS OR SENSATIONS
Term
Nocebo effect
Definition
they perceive side effects, such as dizziness or fatigue, that could not be the direct result of the drug - they manufacture sensations based on expectations
Term
Medical student's disease
Definition
medical students that learn about symptoms of various diseases, they come to believe incorrectly that they have contrcted one of these illnesses
Term
mass psychogenic illness
Definition
widespread perception across individuals, even though tests indicate that their symptoms have no medical basis in their bodies or in the environment
Term
lay referral network
Definition
an informal system of individuals who provid advice or information regarding a person's symptoms and health
Term
iatrogenic conditions
Definition
health problems that develop as a result of a medical treatment
Term
treatment delay
Definition
the elapased time b/t noticing a symptom and getting medical attention
Term
illness delay
Definition
the time taken b/t recognizing one is ill and deciding to seek medical attention
Term
utilization delay
Definition
the time after deciding to seek medical care untill actually going in to use that health srvice
Term
complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
Definition
methods not included in conventional medicine to prevent or treat illnesses: they are complementary if used along with convetional methods and alternative if used instead of them
Term
hypochondriasis
Definition
the tendency of some individuals to be excessively concerned and vigilant regarding their health and body sensations
Term
neuroticisum
Definition
emotional maladjustment; involves a high degree of self consciousness and vulnerability to stress as well as the tendency to experience anxiety, hostility, andd epression
Term
doctor centered approach to health care
Definition
the behavioral style of some physicians in which interactions with patients are highly controlled by the practitioner and focus on the symptoms or treatment rather than the person
Term
patient centered approach to healthcare
Definition
the behavioral style of some physicians in which their interactions encourage patients to share information and participate in medical decisions
Term
managed care
Definition
place restrictions on their members choices and services
-over 70% of employed americans are on this
Term
HMO
Definition
type of managed care in which members are entitled to use the services of any affiliated physician or hospital with little or no additional charge
-visits to specialistas and nonemergency hospital must be preapproved and referred by the primary care physician
Term
PPO
Definition
another type of managed care plan; each ppo consists of a network of affiliated physicians and hospitals that discount their fees; patients usually may go to any affiliated specialist w/out preapprovail
Term
US healthcare vs other natiosn
Definition
-other nations use universal healthcare system-provide healthcare for everyone funded by taxes and payroll deductiosn
-healthcare is usually excellent, less complicated and less expensive
-In canadian system each province pays its citizens medical bills and determines its own policies such as what type of care will be covered
-most canadian physicians are employed privately and patients may choose any doctor they wish
Term
major factors that affect whether people perceive and respond to symptoms of illness
Definition
individual difference- some people have more symptoms than others and some people differe in teh sensations they experience from the same symptom.
-indidviduals difer in the degree of pain they will tolerate before doing something about it - some individuals pay more attention to their internal states than others (doesnt' mean its accurate) those who are internally focused tend to have less severe illness and perceive their recovery as slower than those who pay less attention to their internal states
Term
competing environmental stimuli
Definition
when the environment contains a great deal of sensory info or its exciting, people become less likely to notice internal sensations
-people are far more likely to report sensations or physical symptoms when the external environment is boring or lacks info
Term
psychosocial influences
Definition
people often report placebos as relieving their symptomes
Term
expectations
Definition
increase the symptoms people perceive
Term
gender and sociocultural differences
Definition
women in research on pain report feeling discomfort at lower stimulus intensities than men and request sooner that a painful stimulus be terminated
Term
commonsense models
Definition
from direct experience and the things we read and hear, we develop ideas and expectations about illness
Steps:
1) illness identity -name the symptom of the disease
2) causes and underlying pathology - ideas concerning how one gets the disease and what physiological events occur with it
3) time line - prognosis ideas, such as how long the disease takes to appear and lasts
4) consequence - involves ideas about the seriousness, effects, and outcomes of an illness
Term
most frequent users of healthcare services
Definition
young children, women, and elderly individuals
-tend to be from higher social class
Term
Health belief model and willingness to seek medical attention
Definition
people ask whether the perceived benefits of getting medical care outweigh the perceived bariers
-results say that the factors do influence people's decisions on wheter and how soon to use health services
Term
Treatment delay 3 stages
Definition
1) appraisal delay
2)Illness delay
3) utilization dlay
Term
appraisal delay
Definition
the time a person takes to interpret a symptom as an indication of illness the sensory experience of a symptom had the greatest impact on delay
Term
illness delay
Definition
the time taken b/t recognizing one is ill and deciding to seek medical attention
-thoughts about thesymptom had hte greates impact
Term
utilization delay
Definition
the tiem after deciding to seek medical care untill actually going in to use that health service
-perceptions of benefits adn bariers important
-delay the shortest for people who were less concerned abou the cost of time had severe pain and felt that their symptoms could be cured
Term
5 types of complementary and alternative medicine CAM
Definition
1) manipulative and body based methods - maneuver or move parts of the body (chiropractic and massage procedures)
2) Biologically-based methods - apply materials found in nature, such as herbal prodcuts and dietary supplements
3) mind body interventions -- use techniques for enhancing the minds ability to manage body functioning and symptom (progressive muscle relaxation and meditation)
4) energy therapies== employ hypothesized or known physical energy fields, such as biofields believed to exist and surround the body and electric or magnetic fields
5) alternative medical symptom -- such as traditional chinese medicine and homeopathy
Term
how many americans use CAM
Definition
1/3 (mind-body and biologically based are most frequently used)
Term
rational nonadherence
Definition
patiens may not adhere to regimen b/c of deliberate reasons based on valid reasons
-cognitive and emotional factors and self efficacy andsocial support play a role
Term
increasing adherence
Definition
improving physicians communication skills
-have the patient state that he/she will comply
-use motivational interviewing - social support- behavioral bmethods
-tailorign the regimen providing prompts/ reminders, self monitoring, behavioral contrctiong
Term
symptoms of hypochondriasis
Definition
tend to interpret real but benign bodily sensations as symptom of illness
-often linked to neuroticism
-high degree of self-consciousness and vulnerability to stress as well as the tendency to experience anxiety, hostility, and depression
-some peopel may have real healt problems that medical technology cannot yet confirm
Term
patient preferences
Definition
women want more info about care than men
Term
doctor centered role
Definition
physicians ask questions that required brief yes/ not answeres
-tend to ignore attempts by patients to discuss other problems
-usually male physicians
Term
Patient centered role
Definition
physician takes less controlling role
-ask open ended questions, avoid using medical jargon, usually women physicians use this
Term
what is average rate of nonadherence?
Definition
40%
Term
four major types of chemical pain treatments
Definition
-local anesthetics
-peripherally active analgesics
-centrally active anal gesics
-indirect acting drugs
Term
factors that contribute to the trend of under medicating
Definition
-fear of addiction
-underestimation of patient pain
-overestimation of pain by patient
Term
3 major types of cognitive strategies for treating pain
Definition
-distraction (takes focus off pain stimulus)
-imagery (person tries to alleviate discomfot by creating mental scene that's unrelated to pain)
-redefinition (person substitues constructive thoughts for ones that arouse feelings of harm)
Term
typical strategies for treatign pain via physical therapy
Definition
stretching, strengthening, improving range of motion
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