Term
Abnormalities in Retinal Vessels And Background
Diabetic Retinopathy
Exudates |
|
Definition
Soft exudates or "cotton wool" look like fluffy gray white cumulus clouds
occur with: diabetes, hypertension, subacute bacterial endocarditis, lupus and papilledema of any cause
numerous small yellow-white spots, having distinct edges and a smooth, solid looking surface
often form a circular pattern; may also form a linear or star pattern |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities in Retinal Vessels And Background
Diabetic Retinopathy
Intraretinal hemorrhages |
|
Definition
Dot-shaped hemorrhages are deep intraretinal hemorrhages that look splattered on
blurred irregular edges (unlike microaneurysms)
flame-shaped hemorrhages are superficial retinal hemorrhages that look spindle shaped and linear
OCCURS with: Hypertension |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities in Retinal Vessels And Background
Diabetic Retinopathy
Microaneurysms |
|
Definition
round punctate red dots that are localized dilations of a small vessel
edges are smooth and discrete
vessel itself is too small to view with the ophtalmoscope, only isolated red dots are seen
OCCURS WITH: diabetes |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities in Retinal Vessels And Background
Narrowed (attenuated) arteries |
|
Definition
generalized decrease in arteriole diameter
light reflex also narrows
OCCURS with: severe hypertension, occlusion of the central retinal artery, and retinitis pigmentosa |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities in Retinal Vessels And Background
Areteriovenous Crossing (Nicking) |
|
Definition
Inset shows arteriovenous crossing with interruption of blood flow
when vein is occluded it dilates distal to crossing
person also has disc edema and hard exudates in a macular star pattern that OCCUR with acutely elevated hypertension
with hypertension, the arteriole wall thickens and becomes opaque so that no blod is seen inside (silverwire arteries) |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities in Retinal Vessels And Background
Narrowed (Attenuated) arteries |
|
Definition
a generalized decrease in arteriole diameter
light reflex also narrows
OCCURS with: sever hypertension AND
occlusion of central retinal artery and retinitis pigmentosa |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities in the Optic Disc
Optic Atrophy (Disc Pallor) |
|
Definition
optic atrophy is a white or gray color of the disc as a result of partial or complete death of the optic nerve.
This results in:
decreased visual acuity,
decreased color vision,
decreased contrast sensitivity |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities in the Optic Disc
Papilledema (Choked Disc) |
|
Definition
increased intracranial pressure causes venous stasis in the globe, showing redness, congestion, and elevation of teh disc; blurred margins; hemorrhages; and absent venous pulsations.
Serios sign of: intracranial pressure, usually caused by a space-occupying mass (brain tumor or hematoma) |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities in the Optic Disc
Excessive cup-disc ratio |
|
Definition
with primary open-angle glaucoma, the increased intraocular pressure decreases blood supply to retinal structures.
physiologic cup enlarges to more than half of the disc diameter
vessels appear to plunge over edge of cup
vessels are displaced nasally
Asymptomatic
(person may have decreased vision or visual field defects in the late stages of glaucoma) |
|
|
Term
Opacities in the lens
Senile Cataracts
Central Gray Opacity -- Nuclear Cataract |
|
Definition
shows as an opaque gray surrounded by black background as it forms in the center of lense nucleus
the ophtalmoscope, it looks like a black center against the red reflex
begins after age 40
develops slowly, gradually obstructing vision |
|
|
Term
Opacities in the Lens
Star-Shaped Opacity -- cortical cataract |
|
Definition
shows as asymmetric, radial, white spokes with black center
through ophtalmoscope, black spokes are evident against the red reflex
forms in outer cortex of lens, progressing faster than nuclear cataract |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities on the Cornea and Iris
Hyphema |
|
Definition
blood in anterior chamber is a serious result of HERPES ZOSTER INFECTION
also occurs with blunt trauma (fist or baseball)
or spontaneous hemorrhage
Suspect scleral rupture or major intraocular trauma
Note that gravity settles blood |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities on the Cornea and Iris
Hypopyon |
|
Definition
| Purulent matter in anterior chamber occurs with iritis and with inflammation in the anterior chamber |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities on the Cornea and Iris
Shallow anterior chamber |
|
Definition
iris is pushed anteriorly because of increased intraocular pressure
because direct light is received from the temporal side, only the temporal part of iris is illuminated
nasal side is shadowed -- "shadow sign"
may be a sign of ACUTE ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
iris looks bulging because aqueous humor cannot circulate |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities on the Cornea and Iris
Corneal abrasion |
|
Definition
most common result of BLUNT EYE INJURY
irregular ridges usually visible only when fluorescein stain reveals yellow-green branching
top layer of corneal epithelium removed from scratches or poorly fitting contact lenses
person feels: intense pain, a foreign body sensation, and lacrimation, redness, and photophobia |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities on the Cornea and Iris
Pterygium |
|
Definition
triangular opaque wing of bulbar conjunctiva overgrows toward the center of the cornea
looks: membranous, translucent, and yellow to white, usually invades from nasal side and may obstruct vision as it covers pupil
OCCURS: chronic exposure to hot, dry, sandy climate which stimulates the growth of a pinguecula into a pterygium |
|
|
Term
Vascular disorders of the external eye
Conjunctivitis |
|
Definition
infection of the conjunctiva
"pink eye"
red, beefy-looking vessels at periphery, but clear around iris
common from: bacterial or viral infection, allergy or chemical irritation
Purulent discharge accompanies bacterial infection
preauricular lymph node is often swollen and painful with a history of upper respiratory infection
Symptoms: itching, burning, foreign body sensation and eyelids stuck together on awakening |
|
|
Term
Vascular disorders of the external eye
Subconjunctival hemorrhage |
|
Definition
red patch on the sclera
looks alarming but not usually serious
occurs from increased intraocular pressure from coughing, vomitting, weight lifting, labor during childbirth, straining at stool or trauma |
|
|
Term
Vascular disorders of the external eye
Iritis (Circumcorneal redness) |
|
Definition
| deep, dull red halo around the iris and cornea |
|
|
Term
Visual Field Loss
Retinal damage
Macula |
|
Definition
central blind area
(e.g. diabetes) |
|
|
Term
Visual Field Loss
Retinal damage
Localized damage |
|
Definition
blind spot (scotoma)
corresponding to particular area |
|
|
Term
Visual Field Loss
Retinal damage
Increasing intraocular pressure |
|
Definition
decrease in peripheral vision (e.g. glaucoma)
Starts with paracentral scotoma in early stage |
|
|
Term
Visual Field Loss
Retinal damage
REtinal detachment |
|
Definition
| a shadow or diminished vision in one quadrant or one half of visual field |
|
|
Term
Visual field loss
Lesion in globe or optic nerve |
|
Definition
| injury here yields to one blind eye or unilateral blindness |
|
|
Term
Visual field loss
lesion at optic chiasm (e.g. pituitary tumor) |
|
Definition
injury to crossing fibers only yields a loss of nasal part of each retina and a loss of both temporal visual fields
Bitemporal (heterohymous) hemianopsia |
|
|
Term
Visual field loss
Lesion of outer uncrossed fibers at optic chiasm (e.g. aneurysm of left internal carotid artery exerts pressure on uncrossed fibers |
|
Definition
| injury yields left nasal hemianopsia |
|
|
Term
Visual field loss
Lesion R optic tract or R optic radiation |
|
Definition
Visual field loss in R nasal and L temporal fields
Loss of same half of visual field in both eyes is:
homonymous hemianopsia |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities in the pupil
Unequal pupil size |
|
Definition
anisocoria:
exists normally in 5% of population,
Consider: CNS disease |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities in the pupil
Monocular blindness |
|
Definition
when light is directed to the blind eye, no response occurs in either eye
when light is directed to the normal eye, both pupils constrict as long as the oculomotor nerve is intact |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities in the pupil
dilated and fixed pupils |
|
Definition
Mydriasis
enlarged pupils occur with:
stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system,
reaction to sympathomimetic drugs
use of dilating drops
acute glaucoma
past or recent trama
herald CNS injury, circulatory arrest or deep anesthesia |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities in the pupil
Constricted and fixed pupils |
|
Definition
Miosis
occurs with
the use of pilocarpine drops for glaucoma treatment,
use of narcotics
iritis
brain damage of pons |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities in the pupil
Argyll Robertson Pupil |
|
Definition
no reaction to light
pupil does not constrict with accommodation
small and irregular bilaterally
OCCURS with: CNS syphilis
brain tumor
meningitis
chronic alcoholism |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities in the pupil
Tonic Pupil (Adie's pupil) |
|
Definition
Sluggish reaction to light and accommodation
usually unilateral
large regular pupil that does react, but sluggishly after long latent time
NO pathologic significance |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities in the pupil
Horner's syndrome |
|
Definition
unilateral, small, regular pupil
does react to light and accommodation
a lesion fo the sympathetic nerve
also note: ptosis (drooping of upper eyelid)
absence of sweat (anhidrosis) on same side |
|
|
Term
Lesions on the eyelids
Blepharitis |
|
Definition
(inflammation of the eyelids)
red, scaly, greasy flakes and thickened, crusted lid margins
Occurs: staphylococcal infection or seborrheic dermatitis of the lid edge
Symptoms: burning, itching, tearing, foreign body sensation and some pain |
|
|
Term
Lesions on the eyelids
Chalazion |
|
Definition
beady nodule protruding on the lid
an infection or retention cyst of meibomian gland
nontender, firm discrete swelling with freely movable skin overlying the nodule
if inflamed it points inside and no on lid martin (contrast with stye) |
|
|
Term
Lesions on the eyelids
Hordeolum (stye) |
|
Definition
localized staphylococcal infection of the hair follicles at the lid margin
rubbing of the eye can cause cross contamination and development of another stye |
|
|
Term
Lesions on the eyelids
Dacryocystitis |
|
Definition
inflammation of the lacrimal sac
infection and blockage of sac and duct
pain, warmth, redness and swelling occur bellow the inner canthus toward nose
tearing is present
pressure on sac yields purulent discharge from puncta |
|
|
Term
Lesions on the eyelids
Dacryoadenitis |
|
Definition
Infection of the lacrimal gland
pain, swelling, redness occur in the outer third of the upper lid
occurs with mumps, measles and infectious mononucleosis or from trauma |
|
|
Term
Lesions on the eyelids
Basal cell carcinoma |
|
Definition
rare, but occurs most often on the lower lid and medial canthus
looks like a papule with an ulcerated center; note rolled-out pearly edges
metastasis is rare but should be referred for removal |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities in the eyelids
Entropion |
|
Definition
lower lid rolls in because of spasm of lids or scar tissue contraction
constant rubbing of lashes may irritate cornea
person feels foreign body sensation |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities on the eyelids
Ectropion |
|
Definition
Lower lid is loose and rolling out, does not approximate to eyebal
Puncta cannot siphon tears effectively, so excess tearing results
eyes FEEL: dry, itchy because tears do not drain correctly over the corner and toward the medial canthus
exposed palpebral conjunctiva increases risk for inflammation
occurs in aging as a result of atrophy of elastic and fibrous tissues |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities on the eyelids
Ptosis |
|
Definition
(drooping upper lide)
OCCURS from: neuromuscular weakness (e.g. myastenia gravis with bilateral fatigue as the day progresses),
oculomotor cranial nerve III damage OR
sympathetic nerve damage (e.g. Horner's syndrome) OR
congenital
gives the person a sleepy appearance and impairs vision |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities on the eyelids
Upward Palpebral Slant |
|
Definition
normal in many children
when combined with epicanthal folds, hypertelorism (large spacing between the eyes) and Brushfield spots (light-colored areas in outer iris)
indicates Down Syndrom |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities on the eyelids
Exophthalmos |
|
Definition
Protruding Eyes
forward displacement of the eyeballs and widened palpebral fissures
Note: "lid lag": upper lid rests well above the limbus and white sclera is visible
acquired bilateral exophthalmos ASSOCIATED with thyrotoxicosis |
|
|
Term
Abnormalities on the eyelids
Periorbital Edema |
|
Definition
Lids are swollen and puffy
lid tissues are loosely connected so excess fluid is easily apparent
occurs with local infections; crying; and systemic conditions
Heart failure, renal failure, allergy, hypothyroidism (myxedema) |
|
|
Term
IF eye will not turn:
Straight nasal |
|
Definition
Indicates Paralysis in:
Medial rectus or
Cranial nerve III |
|
|
Term
IF eye will not turn:
Up and Nasal |
|
Definition
Indicates Paralysis in:
Inferior oblique or
Cranial nerve III |
|
|
Term
IF eye will not turn:
Up and temporal |
|
Definition
Indicates Paralysis in:
Superior rectus or
Cranial nerve III |
|
|
Term
IF eye will not turn:
Straight temporal |
|
Definition
Indicates Paralysis in:
Lateral rectus or
Cranial nerve VI |
|
|
Term
IF eye will not turn:
Down and temporal |
|
Definition
Indicates Paralysis in:
Inferior rectus or
Cranial nerve III |
|
|
Term
IF eye will not turn:
Down and nasal |
|
Definition
Indicates Paralysis in:
Superior oblique or
Cranial nerve IV |
|
|
Term
Extraocular muscle dysfunction
Symmetric corneal light reflex
Pseudostrabismus |
|
Definition
| has the appearance of strabismus because of epicanthic fold but is normal for a young child |
|
|
Term
Extraocular muscle dysfunction
Asymmetric corneal light reflex
Strabismus |
|
Definition
true disparity of the eye axes
the constant malalignment is also termed TROPIA and is likely to cause amblyopia |
|
|
Term
Extraocular muscle dysfunction
Asymmetric corneal light reflex
Strabismus
Esotropia |
|
Definition
inward turning of the eye
(looks "cross eyed") |
|
|
Term
Extraocular muscle dysfunction
Asymmetric corneal light reflex
Strabismus
Exotropia |
|
Definition
| outward turning of the eye |
|
|
Term
Extraocular muscle dysfunction
Uncovered eye |
|
Definition
| if it jumps to fixate on designated point, it was out of alignment before (i.e., when you cover the stronger eye, the weaker eye now tries to fixate) |
|
|
Term
Extraocular muscle dysfunction
phoria: |
|
Definition
| mild weakness, apparent only with the cover test and less likely to cause amblyopia than a tropia but still possible |
|
|
Term
Extraocular muscle dysfunction
Covered eye |
|
Definition
if this is the weaker eye, once macular image is suppressed, it will drift to relaxed position
as eye is uncovered -- if it jumps to reestablish fixation, weakness exists |
|
|
Term
Extraocular muscle dysfunction
esophoria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Extraocular muscle dysfunction
exophoria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elliptical open space between the eyelids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| border between the cornea and the sclera |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| corner of the eye, the angle where the lids meet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small, fleshy mass containing sebaceous glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strips of connective tissue that give upper lid shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contained in the tarsal plates
modified sebaceous glands that secrete an oily lubricating material onto the lids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thin mucous membrane folded like an envelope between the eyelids and the eyeball
conjuctiva are clear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overlays the eyeball with white sclera showing through |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides constant irrigation to keep the conjuctiva and cornea moist and lubricated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
where the tears drain;
visible on the upper and lower lids at the inner canthus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
six muscles attach the eyball to orbit
4 rectus -- superior, inferior, lateral and medial
2 oblique -- superior, inferior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nerve vi: lateral rectus muscle
nerve iv: superior oblique
nerve iii: oculomotor nerve, innervates all the rest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
outer fibrous coat
tough protective white covering
continuous with cornea which covers iris and pupil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inner nervous coat
inside retina is transparent vitreous body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
very sensitive to touch
corneal reflex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dark pigmentation to prevent light from reflecting internally and is heavily vascularized to deliver blood to the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
size determined by a balnce between the parasympathetic and sympathetic chains of the autonomic nervous system
parasympathetic branch: constriction
sympathetic branch: dilation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biconvex disc located posterior to the pupil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior to the cornea and in front of iris and lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located on temporal side of fundus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the area of sharpest and keenest vision |
|
|
Term
Visual reflexes:
pupilary light reflex |
|
Definition
| normal constriction of pupils when bright light shines on the retina |
|
|
Term
Visual reflexes:
direct light reflex -->
consensual light reflex |
|
Definition
| when one eye is exposed to bright light constriction of that pupil as well as simultaneous constriction of the other pupil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reflex direction of the eye toward an object attracting a person's attention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
area of keenest vision
at birth: absent
develops: 4 months
mature: 8 months |
|
|
Term
development
what age does eye reach adult size |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what age can infant fixate on a single image with both eyes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pupil size decreases
lens loses elasticity becoming glasslike
glasslike quality decreases lens's ability to change shape to accomodate for near vision |
|
|
Term
| most common causes of decreased visual function |
|
Definition
1) cataract formation
2) glaucoma
3) macular degeneration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
or lens opacity
resulting form clumping of proteins in the lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
or increased intraocular pressure
increases with age
affecting men more than women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
or breakdown of cells in the macula of the retina
loss of central vision, the area of clearest vision is the most common cause of blindness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affects Black people 3-6 times more often than white people and is 6 times more likely to cause blindness in Black people than white people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to tolerate light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deviation in the axis of the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perception of two images of a single object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
excessive tearing
due to irritants or obstruction in drainage of tears |
|
|
Term
| medications may affect the eyes |
|
Definition
| e.g. prednisone may cause cataracts or increased intraocular pressure |
|
|
Term
| vaginal infections in the mother at time of delivery may do what to the baby? |
|
Definition
| genital herpes and gonorrhea vaginitis have ocular sequelae for the newborn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicates the distance the person is standing from the chart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
distance at which a normal eye could have read that particular line
e.g. 20/30 = you can read at 20 feet what a normal eye can see at 30 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if person is unable to see even largest letters shorten distance to the chart until it is seen and record that distance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
people oder than 40
hold card 14 inches from eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease in power of accommodation with aging, is suggested when the person moves the card farther away |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mild weakness noted only when fusion is blocked |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more severe -- a constant malalignment of the eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs with disease of the semicircular canals in the ears, a paretic eye muscle, multiple sclerosis or brain lesions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs with hyperthyroidism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pallor near outer canthus may indicate what? |
|
Definition
| anemia (the inner canthus normally contains less pigment) |
|
|
Term
| swelling of the lacrimal gland may show itself how? |
|
Definition
| as a visible bulge in the outer part of the upper lid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
normal finding in aging person
commonly seen around the cornea
gray-white arc or circle around the limbus
has no effect on vision |
|
|
Term
| corneal abrasion may cause? |
|
Definition
| irregular ridges in reflected light, producing a shattered look to light rays |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pupils of two different sizes
resting size in adult is (3-5 mm)
and constrict down to 1 mm |
|
|
Term
| unequal-size pupils call for what? |
|
Definition
| a consideration of central nervous system injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ask person to focus on a distant object
shift gaze to near object
normal response: pupillary constriction and convergence of teh axes of teh eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pupils
Equal
Round
React to Light
Accomodation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unit of strength of each lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicate a positive diopter: they focus on objects nearer in space to the ophtalmoscope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| show a negative diopter and are for focusing on objects farther away |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by the reflection of your opthalmoscope light off the inner retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| appear as opaque black areas against the red reflex |
|
|
Term
| adjusting diopter setting |
|
Definition
should be at 0 for normal vision
use red lenses for near sighted eyes
black for farsighted eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what to inspect on the optic disc |
|
Definition
color
shape
margins
cup-disc ration: |
|
|
Term
| what to inspect in the ocular fundus |
|
Definition
optic disc
retinal vessels
general background
macula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gray-white, new-moon shape
occurs when pigment is absent in the choroid layer and you are looking direction at the sclera
normal variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
black
due to accumulation of pigment in the choroid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
only place in the body where you can view blood vessels directly
systemic diseases that affect the vascular system show signs in the retinal vessels |
|
|
Term
| what to note about retinal vessels |
|
Definition
number
color
A:V ratio (artery to vein width)
Tortuosity (mild vessel twisting when present in both eys is usually congenital)
Pulsations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 DD in size and located 2 DD temporal to the disc
inspect this area last
clumped pigment may occur with aging |
|
|
Term
Visual acuity in babies
test light perception
abnormal |
|
Definition
| absent pupillary light reflex, especially after 3 weeks, indicates blindness |
|
|
Term
National society for prevention of blindness
Criteria for referral |
|
Definition
Age 3 years: 20/50 or less in either eye
4 years: 20/40 or less in either eye
difference between two eyes is one line or more
child shows other signs of vision impairment regardless of acuity
screen 2 separate times before referral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an inherited recessive x-linked trait affecting about 8% of white males and 4% of Black males
test only boys once between age 4 and 8 |
|
|
Term
extraocular muscle function
strabismus |
|
Definition
squint, crossed eye
causes disconjugate vision
early recognition and treatment are essential
untreated can lead to permanent visual damage
resulting loss of vision from disuse is amblyopia exanopsia |
|
|
Term
extraocular muscle function
corneal light reflex |
|
Definition
light should be reflected at exactly same spot in two cornea
if asymmetrical after 6 months must be referred |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
eyes appear to deviate down, and you see a white rim of sclera over the iris
common in newborns
OCCURS with: hydrocephalus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epicanthal folds give a false appearance of malalignment, yet corneal light reflex is normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conjuctivitis of the newborn
purulent discharge caused by a chemical irritant or a bacterial or viral agent from the birth canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
constant nystagmus
prolonged setting-sun sign
marked strabismus
slow lateral movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rare in the infant because the fontanels and open sutures will absorb any increased intracranial pressure if it occurs |
|
|
Term
| absence of red reflex in newborns |
|
Definition
| occurs with congenital cataracts or retinal disorders |
|
|
Term
| interruption in the red reflex |
|
Definition
| indicates an opacity in the cornea or lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
soft, raised yellow plaques occurring on the lids at the inner canthus
no pathologic significance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
easily confused with abnormal finding -- hard exudates
benign degenerative hyaline deposits
small round yellow dots that are scattered haphazardly on the retina
have no effect on vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
leading cause of blndness in the US
condition that involves optic nerve damage and visual field changes
risk increases with age
NO cure!
but medication can slow or prevent further vision loss |
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Term
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Definition
drainage canals of the eye gradually become clogged
field of peripheral vision decreases -- tunnel vision |
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Term
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Definition
drainage canals are blocked or covered over by the outer edge of the iris when the pupil enlarges too much or too quickly
if left untreated, an individual can lose vision within in 2-3 hours |
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Term
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Definition
-- gross measure of peripheral vision
-- cover their r eye, your l eye
-- 60 degrees nasally
-- 50 degrees superiorly
-- 70 degrees inferiorly
-- 90 degrees temporally |
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Term
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Definition
hirschberg test
ass parallel alignment of the eye axes by shining a light toward the person's eye
should be in same spot on each eye |
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Term
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Definition
detcts small degrees of deviated alignment by interrupting the fusion reflex that normally keeps two eyes parallel
cover one eye and note uncovered eye; a normal response is a steady gaze
uncover the eye and observe it for movement if it jumps to re-establish eye muscle weakness exists |
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Term
| diagnostics positions test |
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Definition
six cardinal positions of gaze elicit any muscle weakness
normal response is parallel tracking
target should be held 12 inches back so person can focus on it comfortably |
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