Term
| What are contained in the CNS? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
How many spinal nerves are found in the PNS? |
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Definition
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|
Term
What is the neurons primary source for metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system |
|
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Term
| Adult brain and spinal cord are ____% water |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital
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Term
| Where is the motor cortex of the brain? |
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Definition
| precentral girus of the frontal lobe |
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Term
| Where is the somatosensory (sensory) cortex? |
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Definition
| post central girus of the parietal lobe |
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Term
| Neurons require what percentage of our oxygen? |
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Definition
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Term
| With no oxygen, how long can we survive without irreversable brain damage? |
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Definition
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Term
(spinal cord) Gray matter is composed of:
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Definition
| anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) horns as well as a central section |
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Term
| Spinal cord gray matter is composed of _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The horns divide the white matter into 3 columns, what are they? |
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Definition
- posterior
- lateral
- anterior
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Term
| What type of impulses do neurons transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| Neurons transmit impulses to and from the brain from: |
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Definition
receptors in the ...
skin
muscles
organs |
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Term
| Spinal cord descending tracts carry... |
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Definition
| efferent, otor impulses away from the brain to effectors located int hemuscles, organs, glands |
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Term
| Spinal cord ascending tracts carry... |
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Definition
afferent, sensory impulses to the brain from receptors in the skin, muscles and organs
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|
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Term
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Definition
| afferent sensory impulses to the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) |
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Term
| Dorsal root fibers may synapse where? |
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Definition
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Term
| ventral (anterior) roots and afferent fibers join to form a |
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Definition
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Term
| Ventral (anterior) horn neurons give rise to fibers that innervate |
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Definition
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Term
| Venteral horn neurons are what type of neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Injured ventral horns will produce___________ |
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Definition
| paralysis or weakness at level of lesion |
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Term
| Where do the ventral horn cells receive fibers from? |
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Definition
| brain and dorsal horn cells |
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Term
| Do all sensory (afferent) fibers synapse on the ventral horn cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Anterior horn has what type of neurons? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| posterior or dorsal root ganglion have what type of neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Spinal cord segmant is an area of the cord gives rise to... |
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Definition
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Term
| What spinal cord segments give rise to the nerves that supply innervatio to the upper limb - radial, ulnar and medial nerves |
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Definition
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Term
| Two major sensory pathways |
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Definition
spinothalamic tract
posterior column tract |
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Term
| Another name for the spinothalamic tract |
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Definition
| lateral spinothalamic tract |
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Term
| Another name for the posteior column tract |
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Definition
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Term
| What sensations does the spinothalamic tract carry? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the pathway if you burn your finger? |
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Definition
- burn finger
- impulse travels from nerve ending in the skin through a nerve fiber
- DRG
- Crosses over
- ascends
- Ends up at postcentral gyrus of the parital lobe
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|
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Term
|
Definition
| fibers that cross in the central part of the gray and white matter to the opposite side of the spinal cord white matter |
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Term
| Spinothalamic tract is the tract that carries what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Spinothalamic tract (path) |
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Definition
Dorsal Root Ganglion
Cross over
Ascends
Ends up at post central gyrus of the parital lobe |
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|
Term
How would you test for function of spinothalamic tract?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do you test for temperature sensation? |
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Definition
| Only when pain is abnormal |
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Term
| Posterior column tract carries sensations of: |
|
Definition
- proprioception (orientation - where you are in space)
- 2-point discrimination
- vibration
- position
- light touch
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|
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Term
| Which tract is contralateral? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which tract is ipsilateral? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In the posterior column tract, where do the fibers cross over? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In the posterior column tract where is it ipsilateral and where is it contralateral? |
|
Definition
ipsilateral in cord
contralateral in the brain |
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Term
| How do we test posterior column tract? |
|
Definition
Proprioception: position sense, observe patient walking, Romberg
Vibration sensation
tactile discrimination: sterognosis, graphesthesia, two-point discrimination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stand with heels together and close eyes
Ovserve for excessive swaying |
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Term
| What (type of damage) does Romberg test for? |
|
Definition
cerebellum damage
(cerebellar ataxia) |
|
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Term
| Sensory ataxia shows problems with: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Two-point discrimination test
How and why |
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Definition
| Paperclip open to two points - test to see at what point the patient can no longer differentiate two points |
|
|
Term
| Expected results for two-point discrimination |
|
Definition
Fingertips: 2 to 8 mm
Back: 40 to 75 mm |
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Term
|
Definition
The ability to identify anobject based ontheir tactile chacteristics
Place object in hand (eyes closed) and patient should be able to recognize object
Patient with propriception problems (dorsal column disease) often have astereognosis; may occur with sensory cortex lesion |
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|
Term
|
Definition
The ability to recognize numbers or letters written on the skin
Requires functional parietal lobe (contralateral); agraphagnosia is present if not
Write letttes/numbers in hand (eyes closed)
3, 4, 6 of A, B C |
|
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Term
| Tests for cerebellar function |
|
Definition
- finger to nose
- finger-nose-finger
- rapid alternating movements
- heel-to-shin, walking naturally, heel-to-toe
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Term
| The inability to perform celebar function tests |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Hallmark of cerebellar disease |
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Definition
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Term
| If primary sensory cortex is affected would the affects be ipsilateral or contralateral for pain and temperature? |
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Definition
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Term
| What would be the sensory findings below the level of the lesion if a patient has a completely transected cord? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What would be the sensory findings above the level of the lesion if a patient has a completely transected cord? |
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Definition
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Term
| What would be the sensory findings below the level of the lesion if only one half of the spinal cord was affected? |
|
Definition
Contralateral loss of pain and temperature below the level of the lesion (spinothalamic tract)
&
Ipsilateral loss of two-point discriminatin, proprioception, etc... below level of lesion (dorsal column tract) |
|
|
Term
| What would be the sensory findings above the level of the lesion if only one half of the spinal cord was affected? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
If an adult has a positive Babinski what is damaged? |
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Definition
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|
Term
If clonus is present what is damaged? |
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Definition
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Term
| lonus that may be seen when testing deep tendon reflexes is characterized by a(n): |
|
Definition
| set of rapid, rhythmic contractions of the same muscle |
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Term
Testing the deep tendon reflexes gives the examiner information regarding the intactness of the |
|
Definition
reflex arc at specific levels in the spinal cord. |
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Term
|
Definition
full thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon or mm |
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Term
|
Definition
full thickness tissue loss |
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Term
|
Definition
partial thickness loss of dermis presenting as a shallow open ulcer w/red pick wound bed. |
|
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Term
Stage I (Deep Tissue Injury) |
|
Definition
intact skin with nonblanchable redness of localized area (over bony area) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
purple or maroon localized area of discolored intact skin or blood filled blister |
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Term
What intervention may be used if a patient is at very high risk for developing a pressure ulcer? |
|
Definition
-turn every hr
-obtain PT consult, out of bed
-moisturize skil daily and PRN
-control moisture
-nutrition consult
-minimize friction/shear
-order low air loss bed |
|
|
Term
What are the risk factors for pressure ulcers? |
|
Definition
-advancing age
-anemia
-contractures
-DM
-elevated body temp
-immobility
-impaired circulation
-prolonged surgery
-obesity
-low diastolic bp |
|
|
Term
What Braden scale score corresponds to "very high risk"? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
What Braden scale score corresponds to "high risk"? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
What Braden scale score corresponds to "moderate risk"? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
What Braden scale score corresponds to "at risk"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How is the Braden Scale used? |
|
Definition
using the 6 categories:
-sensory perception
-moisture
-activity
-mobility
-nutrition
-friction/shear |
|
|
Term
What is the Braden Scale? |
|
Definition
a scale used to determine how at risk a pt is to receive a pressure ulcer. |
|
|
Term
What is localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissues usually over a bony prominence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What could lead to thick nails? |
|
Definition
-trauma
-fungal infection
-defective vascular supply |
|
|
Term
What could lead to thin nails? |
|
Definition
-decreased peripheral circulation
-anemias |
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|
Term
Describe the assessment of the nails. What factors are assessed with the nails? |
|
Definition
-inspect & palpate
-curvature: slightly curved 160 degrees
-adhesion: firm base; adherent to nail
-surface consistency: smooth/flat
-color: pink/dark pink
-thickness: uniform thickness
-cap refill: 1-2 sec |
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|
Term
Assessment of the hair involves what factors? |
|
Definition
-inspect & palpate
-distribution
-quantity
-texture
-color
-note any lesions on scalp |
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Term
What factors would lead you to suspect a skin lesion might possibly be cancerous? |
|
Definition
the ABCDE's are present or if even one of the ABCDE's are found it should be checked for cancer. |
|
|
Term
Teach Skin Self-Examination |
|
Definition
-undress completely
-check arms, hands, and fingers
-mirror, check back of forearms
-mirror, study entire body
-mirror, study lateral sides of body
-mirror, study back of body (use handheld mirror also)
-handheld mirror and blow dryer to inspect scalp
-seated position to check inner legs and feet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A: asymmetry
B: border
C: color
D: diameter
E: elevated & enlarged |
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Term
Name some example where you may see purpura. |
|
Definition
-thrombocytopenia
-scurvy
-old age (blood leaks in capillaries) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
confluent and extensive patch of petechiae and ecchymoses
- >3mm
- flat
- red to purple |
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|
Term
Name some examples where you may see petechiae. |
|
Definition
-thrombocytopenia
-subacute bacterial endocarditis
-septicemias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ny punctate hemorrhages. caused by bleeding from superficial capillaries
-1-3mm
-round/discrete
-dark red, purple, or brown |
|
|
Term
What lesions are distinct, individual lesions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What lesions run together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What lesions occur in multiple circles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What lesions occur in circle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What lesions occur in lines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What lesions resemble herpes-lesions occur along the nerve affected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What lesions are lesions clustered together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What terms are used for assessment of the configuration of skin lesions? |
|
Definition
-grouped: lesions clustered together (ex.herpes)
-zosteriform: resembling herpes-lesions occur along the nerve affected.
-linear: lesions occur in lines (ex.poison ivy)
-annular: lesions occur in circle (ex. ringworm)
-polycyclic: lesions occur in multiple circles
-confluent: lesions run together
-discrete: distinct, individual lesions |
|
|
Term
What is important to note about skin lesions? |
|
Definition
-color
-elevation
-pattern
-size
-location
-exudate |
|
|
Term
What factors influence skin turgor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When and how do we assess turgor? |
|
Definition
picking up a fold of the skin
-chest
-abdomen |
|
|
Term
What is involved with skin palpation? What will you be assessing for? |
|
Definition
-temperature
-moisture
-texture
-mobility
-turgor |
|
|
Term
How will your assessment differ for a dark skinned individual for pallor, cyanosis, erythema and jaundice? |
|
Definition
-pallor: absence of underlying red tones
-jaundice: seen in sclera & hard palate
-erythema: inspect & palpate (increased temp) it will blanch
-edema: appears lighter, tighter
-cyanosis: difficult. use nails, lips, conjunctiva, palms. |
|
|
Term
What areas are better inspection (skin) for a dark skinned individual? |
|
Definition
-sclera
-conjunctiva
-buccal mucosa
-tongue
-lips
-nails
-palms
-soles of the feet |
|
|
Term
What are the terms associated with systemic disease changes? |
|
Definition
-cyanosis: blue/purple skin color
-jaundice: yellow skin color
-pallor: pale skin color
-erythema: redness skin color |
|
|
Term
What areas are found for with pigment labile area? |
|
Definition
-face
-back of hands
-flexors of wrists
-axilla |
|
|
Term
What areas are found in the vascular flush areas? |
|
Definition
-cheeks
-bridge of nose
-neck upper chest
-flexor surfaces of extremities
-genital area |
|
|
Term
What will you be looking for with inspection of the skin? |
|
Definition
-pigmentation
-color change
-thickness
-edema
-ecchymosis |
|
|
Term
Describe the client preparation for a skin assessment. |
|
Definition
-warm room
-examine thoroughly but modestly
-inspect/palpate
-examine skin folds
-incorporate skin into entire exam
-know pt. baseline color |
|
|
Term
What layer of skin is underneath epidermis. sensory for touch, pressure, temperature (contains nerves & bv)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the different layers of the skin? |
|
Definition
-epidermis
-dermis
-subcutaneous: |
|
|
Term
Name the two types of sweat glands. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name the two types of glands. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of the skin |
|
Definition
-protection
-prevents penetration
-sensory perception
-temp. regulation
-wound repair |
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|
