Term
| Culter and Lleras-Muney 2008 |
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Definition
People with lower education are more likely to rate themselves as having fair or poor health.
There is also a big improvement in health at each step (i.e. 5th grade, 8th grade, 12th grad, 16th grad) completing a level of education much higher than those just under that level of education.
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Term
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Definition
Results: Adverse job conditions were relatively prevalent as 23% of the sample reported high job strain,
while 7.3% and 23% reported high and moderate job insecurity respectively. Associations between job
conditions and health persisted after adjustment for gender, education, marital status, employment status,
major life events, and negative affectivity (personality). When adjusted for job strain, high job insecurity
was independently associated with a greater than threefold increase in odds for poor SRH, depression and
anxiety (OR (95% confidence intervals) poor SRH: 3.72 (1.97 to 7.04) depression: 3.49 (1.90 to 6.41),
anxiety: 3.29 (1.71 to 6.33)), and a twofold increase for physical health 2.19 (1.21 to 3.95). High job
strain also showed significant independent associations with depression: 2.54 (1.34 to.4.75) and anxiety:
3.15 (1.48 to 6.70).
Conclusion: In this relatively privileged socioeconomic group, insecure employment and high job strain
showed independent, consistent, and strong associations with physical and mental health. These adverse
job conditions are on the increase, particularly insecure employment, and the influence of these two work
conditions are an important focus for future public health research and their prevalence and impact should
be examined in other occupations. |
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Definition
Methods: A cross-sectional study of 2,249 employed workers aged 40–44 years conducted in two regions in south-east Australia in 2000 used a self-completed questionnaire to collect data. Multivariate analyses were used to compare depression, anxiety, physical health and general practitioner (GP) visits over 12 months across categories of job strain and insecurity for three status groups (high, middle and low).
Results: High job strain and job insecurity were independently associated with poor mental health, poor physical health and visits to the GP for all status groups when adjusted for confounders. High job strain was associated with depression (OR=2.46, 95% CI 1.96-3.07), anxiety (OR=2.56, 95% Cl 2.05-3.20), lower mean physical health scores (-1.11, 95% Cl-1.98–0.23), and more visits to the GP (IRR=1.20, 95% Cl 1.05-1.37). High job insecurity also showed significant associations with depression (OR=3.03, 95% Cl 2.03–4.53), anxiety (OR=2.66, 95% Cl 1.81-3.91), and GP visits (IRR=1.27, 95% Cl 1.01-1.60). There were no significant differences by status in the associations of job strain and insecurity with outcomes.
Conclusion: High-status workers were just as likely as low-status workers to be exposed to adverse work conditions and both status groups showed similar health effects.
Implications: Exposure to insecure and high-strain jobs is likely to rise as economies and labour markets respond to globalisation and political change. High status may not protect employees from either exposure or impact, thus widening the population health consequences of adverse work conditions.
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Term
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Definition
Whites are less likely to have high AL than blacks at all ages, but gap widens at 30-40.
Income has a stronger effect on Whites than blacks, but even poor whites have lower AL than richer blacks.
SES gradient widens outcomes.
Social stress of racism and poverty accumulate with age and increase AL.
Women and smokers have higher AL? |
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Term
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Definition
| Because of the thrifty phenotype low birthweight babies are more likely to have T2 diabetes (pre-diabetes) |
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Term
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Definition
| Low birth weight babies and those with lowest fetal growth and lowest gestional duration have the highest hazard risks for T2 diabets |
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Children gain more weight in the dry season than the rainy season.
Less disease exposure and more calories
less fever and diarhea. |
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In Egypt and Tunisia, Women are more likely to have difficult in physical activities in later life (small difference after adjusting for underlying illness) and sensitive to envornmental control.
Take away- caution against sole use of reported disability in comparative studies of gender and aging (not a one unit measure, binary measure)
Disabilities-how perform ADL and IADL.
At young ages men get better care than women. Women get less education and work experience than men |
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Term
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Definition
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“The healthy migrant effect: New findings from the MxFLS.” American Journal of Public Health, 98(1).
- Many scholars have argued that the “Hispanic Paradox” (the tendency for Hispanics in the US to live longer than non-Hispanic whites despite their lower SES) is due to the fact that the healthiest Mexicans migrate to the US
- Present study uses data from the MxFLS to test whether Mexican migrants are healthier than nonmigrants
- Examine 6 health indicators: height, BMI, blood pressure, hemoglobin, perceived health, and perceived health relative to others their age
Results
- Find only weak support for the healthy migrant hypothesis
- Actually find some evidence for negative health selection for all but urban females
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