Term
| 3 bone groups of axial skeleton |
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Definition
| skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax |
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Term
| what sets of bones are the skull composed of? describe them. |
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Definition
cranium: enclose + protect brain tissue
facial bones: present the eyes in an anterior position and form the base for facial muscles |
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Term
what are sutures of the skull?
name a bone of the skull that is not attached by a suture. |
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Definition
interlocking joints of the skull.
exception: mandible - attached to skull by freely movable joint |
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Term
| name and describe two major areas of the cranium |
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Definition
1-cranial vault/calvaria: forms superior lateral and posterior walls of skull
2-cranial floor/base: forms skull bottom |
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Term
| name the concavities of the cranial floor. why are they important? |
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Definition
anterior cranial fossa
middle cranial fossa
posterior cranial fossa
-brain site in these fossae |
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Term
| how many bones are the cranium composed of? which are single and paired? |
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Definition
| 8 - frontal, temporal (paired), parietal (paired), occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones |
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Term
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Definition
x1
anterior portion of cranium; forms the forehead, superior part of the orbit, and floor of anterior cranial fossa |
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Term
supreorbital formen (notch)
describe |
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Definition
frontal bone
opening above each orbit allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass |
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Term
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Definition
frontal bone
smooth area b/w eyes |
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Term
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Definition
x2
posterolateral to the frontal bone forming sides of cranium |
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Term
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Definition
parietal bone
midline articulation point of the two parietal bones |
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Term
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Definition
parietal bone
point of articulation of parietals with frontal bone |
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Term
describe temporal bone
what are its four major regions? describe location |
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Definition
x2
inferior to parietal bone on lateral skull
squamous region: abuts the parietals
tympanic region: surrounds external ear opening
mastoid region: area posterior to the ear
petrous region: forms the lateral portion of the skull base (middle + posterior cranial fossae) |
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Term
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Definition
temporal bone, squamous region
articulation of the temporal bone with parietal bone |
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Term
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Definition
temporal bone, squamous region
bridgelike projection joining zygomatic bone anteriorly |
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Term
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Definition
| joining of zygomatic process + bone |
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Term
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Definition
temporal bone, squamous region
rounded depression on inferior surface of zygomatic process (anterior to ear); forms socket for mandibular condyle |
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Term
| what is mandibular condyle |
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Definition
| point where mandible joins the cranium |
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Term
| name 3 impt marking of squamous region of temporal bone |
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Definition
| squamous suture, zygomatic process, mandibular fossa |
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Term
| external acoustic (auditory) meatus |
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Definition
temporal bone, tympanic region
canal leading to eardrum + middle ear - where you stick a Q-Tip |
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Term
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Definition
temporal bone, tympanic region
needlelike projection inferior to external acoustic meatus; attachment point for muscles + ligaments of the NECK |
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Term
| what are 2 impt markings of tympanic region of temporal bone |
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Definition
| external acoustic meatus, styloid process |
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Term
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Definition
temporal bone, mastoid region
rough projection inferior + posterior to external acoustic meatus |
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Term
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Definition
temporal bone, mastoid region
timy opening b/w mastoid + styloid processes through which CN VII leaves the cranium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| name two impt markings of mastoid region of temporal bone |
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Definition
| mastoid proess, stylomastoid foramen |
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Term
| what makes the petrous region of temporal bone unique? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
temporal bone, petrous region
opening medial to styloid process thru which the internal jugular vein + CN IX, X, XI pass |
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Term
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Definition
temporal bone, petrous region
opening medial to the styloid process thru which the INT CAROTID ARTERY passes into cranial activity |
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Term
| internal acoustic (auditory) meatus |
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Definition
temporal bone, petrous region
opening on posterior aspect (petrous region) of temporal bone allowing passage of CN VII + VIII |
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Term
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Definition
temporal bone, petrous region
jagged opening b/w petrous temporal bone + spenoid frontal bone providing a passage for small nerves + internal carotid artery to enter the MIDDLE cranial fossa |
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Term
| describe the occipital bone |
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Definition
x1
most superior bone of cranium - forms floor and back wall |
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Term
| where does occipital and sphenoid bone join? |
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Definition
| occipital bone joins sphenoid bone anteriorly via its narrow basioccipital region |
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Term
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Definition
occipital bone
articulation of occipital and parietal bones |
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Term
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Definition
occipital bone
spinal cord + CN XI
large opening in bast of occipital - allows spinal cord to join with brain |
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Term
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Definition
occipital bone
rounded projections lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebra (atlas) |
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Term
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Definition
occipital bone
CN XII
opening medial and superior to the occipital condyle - CN XII (hypoglossal) passes |
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Term
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Definition
occipital bone
medial and slightly anterior to occipital condyles |
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Term
| superior + inferior nuchal lines |
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Definition
occipital bone
bone markings off of external occipital crest (inf) and protuberance (sup) |
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Term
| external occipital crest + protuberance |
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Definition
occipital bone
midline prominences posterior to foramen magnum |
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Term
| describe the sphenoid bone |
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Definition
irregularly shaped
bat-shaped bone forming anterior plateau of middle cranial fossa across the width of the skull
articulates with ALL other cranial bones
8 of 12 CN pass through! |
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Term
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Definition
sphenoid bone
portions of sphenoid seen exteriorly anterior to the temporal; forms part of the eye orbits |
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Term
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Definition
sphenoid bone
jagged openings in orbits - passage for CN III, IV, V (optic), VI |
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Term
| if you remove the top of the __________ the _________ bone can be seen in its entire width |
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Definition
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Term
| sella turcica (aka_______) |
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Definition
sphenoid bone
Turkish or Turk's saddle
saddke-shaped region in the sphenoid midline |
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Term
| Name 3 impt markings of the sella turcica |
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Definition
hypophyseal fossa
dorsum sella
tuberculum sella |
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Term
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Definition
sphenoid bone --> sella turcica
"seat" of Turk's saddle
surrounds the pituitary gland (hypophysis) |
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Term
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Definition
sphenoid bone-->sella turcica
back of Turkish saddle |
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Term
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Definition
shpenoid bone-->sella turcica
front of sella turcica |
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Term
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Definition
sphenoid bone
bat shaped portions of the sphenoid anterior to sella turcica |
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Term
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Definition
sphenoid bone
CN II passes
openings in the bases of lesser wing thru which optic nerve enter the orbits to serve the eyes |
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Term
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Definition
sphenoid bone
CN V
opening lateral to the sella turcica |
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Term
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Definition
sphenoid bone
CN V
opening posterior to sella turcica that allows passage of CN V branch |
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Term
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Definition
sphenoid bone
groove leading to optic foramen |
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Term
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Definition
sphenoid bone
jagged opening b/w petrous temporal bone + spenoid frontal bone providing a passage for small nerves + internal carotid artery to enter the MIDDLE cranial fossa |
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Term
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Definition
sphenoid bone
opening lateral and posterior to foramen ovale; appears to be b/w both sphenoid + temporal bones |
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Term
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Definition
sphenoid bone
inferiorly directed trough-shaped projections from the junction of the body + greater wings
look like the legs of the bat! |
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Term
| can you name 11 impt markings of the spenoid bone? |
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Definition
| greater wings, superior orbital fissure, sella turcica, lesser wings, optic canal, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, chiasmatic groove, foramen lacerum, foramen spinosum, pterygoid processes |
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Term
| describe the ethmoid bone |
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Definition
x1
irregularly shaped
anterior to sphenoid bone
forms rood of nasal cavity, upper nasal septum, and part of the medial orbit walls |
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Term
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Definition
ethmoid bone
vertical projection
provides point of attachment for the dura mater (secures brain w/in skull) |
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Term
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Definition
ethmoid bone
bony plate lateral to crista galli
olfactory nerves pass from nasal mucosa to brain |
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Term
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Definition
ethmoid bone
cribiform pates + midline crista galli form this |
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Term
| perpendicular plate, at vomer |
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Definition
ethmoid bone
inferior projection
forms superior part of the nasal septum |
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Term
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Definition
ethmoid bone
thin-wall irreg shaped bony regions flanking the perpendicular plate laterally |
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Term
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Definition
ethmoid bone
lateral surfaces of lateral masses
shape part of the medial orbit wall |
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Term
| superior + middle nasal conchae |
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Definition
ethmoid bone
thin coiled plates of bone extending medially from the lateral masses of ethmoid bone into the nasal cavity
make air flow more efficient and increase surface area of mucosa that covers them thus increasing mucosa's ability to warm and humidify incoming air |
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Term
how many facial bones are there?
how many are paired and single.
name the single bones. |
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Definition
14
12 paired
2 single - mandible + vomer |
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Term
name the 8 facial bones.
Hint: Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh |
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Definition
| mandible (x1); maxillae (x2); lacrimal bone (x2); palatine (x2); zygomatic (x2); nasal (x2); inferior nasal conchae/turbinates (x2); vomer (x1) |
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Term
mandible
what does it articulate with?
what makes the mandible joint unique? |
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Definition
facial bone x1
lower jawbone
articluates with temporal bones in the ONLY freely movable joint of the skull |
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Term
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Definition
mandible
horizontal portion; forms the chin |
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Term
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Definition
mandible
vertical extension of the madibular body on either side |
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Term
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Definition
mandible
TMJ occurs here!
articulation point of the mandible with the madibular fossa of the temportal bone |
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Term
coronoid process
do tendons or muscles attach here? |
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Definition
mandible
anterior to madibular condyle
jutting anterior portion of the ramus
site of muscle attachment |
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Term
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Definition
mandible
posterior point where mandibular ramus meets the mandibular body |
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Term
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Definition
mandible
opening lateral to midline
transmits mental blood vessels and nerve to the mandible |
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Term
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Definition
mandible
opening on the medial aspect of madibular ramus
passage of nerve involved with tooth sensation (mandibular branch of CN V) |
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Term
| what site do dentists inject novocaine to prevent pain while working on teeth? |
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Definition
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Term
| alveolar margin of mandible |
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Definition
mandible
superior margin of mandible
contains sockets where teeth lie |
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Term
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Definition
mandible
anterior median depression
indicates point of mandibular fusion |
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Term
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Definition
mandible
b/w salivary fossae; extends upward + back from the mandibular symphysis
origin of mylohyoid muscle |
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Term
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Definition
mandible
upper border of the ramus (coronoid process anterior, condyle posterior) |
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Term
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Definition
facial bones x2
keystone/main bones of face!
two bones fused in a median suture
forms upper jawbone + part of orbits |
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Term
| All facial bones except the ______ join the maxillae. |
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Definition
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Term
| alveolar margin of maxillae |
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Definition
maxillae
inferior margin of maxillae
contains sockets (alveoli) in which teeth lie |
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Term
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Definition
maxillae
hard palate
forms anterior hard palate; meets medially at intermaxillary suture |
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Term
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Definition
maxillae
opening under the orbit carring the infraorbital nerves + blood vessels to the nasal region |
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Term
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Definition
maxillae
large bilateral opening posterior to central incisor tooth of the maxilla and piercing the hard palate
transmits nasopalatine arteries + blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
facial bone x2
fingernail sized bones forming part of the medial orbit walls b/w maxilla and ethmoid bones |
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Term
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Definition
lacrimal bone
serves as a passageway for tears |
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Term
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Definition
facial bones x2
posterior to palatine processes
form posterior hard palate and part of the orbit |
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Term
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Definition
palatine bones
opening for palatine nerve + blood vessels |
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Term
zygomatic bone
how are its three processes named? |
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Definition
facial bones x2
lateral to maxilla
forms cheeckbone + part of lateral orbit
processes named for bones with which they articulate |
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Term
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Definition
zygomatic bone
where zygomatic + frontal bones articulate |
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Term
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Definition
zygomatic bone
where zygomatic + temporal bones articulate |
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Term
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Definition
facial bones x2
rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose
hyaline cartilage attaches to |
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Term
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Definition
facial bone x1
blade shaped bone in median plane of nasal cavity
forms posterior + inferior nasal septum |
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Term
| inferior nasal conchae/turbinates |
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Definition
facial bones x2 (NOT ETHMOID BONE)
thin curved bones protruding medially from lateral walls of nasal cavity
increase mucosa's ability to warm + humidify air |
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Term
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Definition
floating bone that supports the tongue
not considered a skull bone!
articulation point for many tongue + neck muscles |
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Term
| what feature makes the hyoid bone unique? |
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Definition
| it does NOT articulate with any other bone |
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Term
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Definition
| mucosa-lined air cavities |
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Term
| name the four paranasal sinuses. |
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Definition
maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid, and frontal
these four bones contain sinuses that lead into the nasal passages |
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Term
| what is the function of the paranasal sinuses? |
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Definition
| they lighten the facial bones and act as resonance chambers for specch |
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Term
| what is the largest sinus in the skull? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
inflammation of the sinus
passageways b/w the sinuses and nasal passages become blocked |
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Term
| where are the sagittal sutures? |
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Definition
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Term
| where are the coronal/frontal sutures? |
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Definition
| b/w frontal and parietal bones |
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Term
| where are the squamous/temporal sutures? |
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Definition
| b/w temporal and parietal bones |
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Term
| where are the lamboidal sutures? |
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Definition
| b/w the parietal + occipital bones |
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Term
name the 7 orbit bones.
Hint: PFLEZMS |
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Definition
| Palatine, Frontal, Lacrimal, Ethmoid, Zygomatic, Maxilla, Sphenoid bones |
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Term
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Definition
| extra sutural bones --> extra bone pieces that occur within a suture in the cranium |
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Term
| what is a cranial suture? |
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Definition
fibrous joint of skull
bound by Sharpey's fibers
joints are synarthroses |
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Term
| what bones make up the hard palate? |
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Definition
| palatine bone + palatine process of maxilla |
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Term
| what bones make up the nasal septum? |
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Definition
| perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone + vomer |
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Term
| what bones make up the inferior orbital fissure? |
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Definition
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Term
where is the temporomandibular joint?
what articulates at the TMJ? |
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Definition
anterior to the ear
mandibular condyle articulates with temporal bone surface (mandibular fossa [posterior] + articular tubercle [anterior]) |
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Term
| what does the mandibular condyle-mandibular fossa connection of the TMJ allow for? |
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Definition
| hingelike mvmt of elevating and depressing the mandible to open and close the mouth |
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Term
epicranius/occipitofrontalis muscle
(frontal and occipital bellies)
action
origin
insertion |
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Definition
bipartite head muscle consisting of frontal + occipital parts; covers dome of skull
action: raises eyebrows, pulls scalp posteriorly
origin: occipital + temporal bones
insertion: skin of eyebrows |
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Term
orbicularis oculi
action
origin
insertion |
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Definition
head muscle
tripartite sphincter muscle of the eyelids
action: close eyelids
origin: frontal + maxillary bones
insertion: skin of eyelid |
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Term
risorius
action
origin
insertion |
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Definition
head muscle
slender muscle; runs inferior and lateral to zygomaticus
action: draws corner of lip laterally
origin: fascia of masseter
insertion: skin at angle of mouth |
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Term
orbicularis oris
action
origin
insertion |
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Definition
multilayered muscle of lips with fibers that run in many diff directions; most run circularly
action: close lips
origin: maxilla + mandible
insertion: skin of mouth |
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Term
zygomaticus
action
origin
insertion |
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Definition
head muscle
extends diagonally from corner of mouth to cheekbone
action: elevates corners of mouth (smiling muscle)
origin: zygomatic bone
insertion: skin and muscle at corners of mouth |
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Term
buccinator
action
origin
insertion |
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Definition
principal muscle of cheek; runs horizontally, deep to the masseter
action: draws corner of lips laterally (compresses cheek like whistling)
origin: molar region of mandible and maxillae
insertion: orbicularis oris |
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Term
depressor labii inferioris
action
origin
insertion |
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Definition
head muscle
small muscle from lower lip to mandible
action: draws lower lip inferiorly
origin: body of mandible
insertion: skin + muscle of lower lip |
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Term
levator labii superioris
action
origin
insertion |
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Definition
head muscle
thin muscle b/w orbisularis oris + inferior eye margin
action: raises upper lip (opens lips)
origin: zygomatic bone + maxilla
insertion: skin + muscle of upper lip |
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Term
depressor anguli oris
action
origin
insertion |
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Definition
head muscle
small muscle lateral to kepressor labii inferioris
action: draws corners of mouth down and later
origin: mandible
insertion: skin + muscle of upper lip |
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Term
mentalis
action
origin
insertion |
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Definition
head muscle
one of muscle pair forming V-shaped muscle mass on chin
action: protrudes lower lip; wrinkles chin
origin: anterior mandible
insertion:skin of chin |
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Term
masseter
action
origin
insertion |
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Definition
head muscle
covers lateral aspect of mandibular ramus; can be palpated on forcible closure of jaws
action: elevates mandible (prime mover of jaw closure)
origin:zygomatic arch + maxilla
insertion:angle and ramus of mandible |
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Term
temporalis
action
origin
insertion |
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Definition
head muscle
fan-shaped muscle lying over parts of frontal, parietal, and tmeporal bones
action: elevate + retract mandible; closes jaw
origin: temporal fossa
insertion: coronoid process of madible |
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Term
platysma
action
origin
insertion |
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Definition
neck muscle
unpaired muscle; think sheetlike superficial neck muscle
action: depress mandible; tenses skin of neck
origin: fascia of chest
insertion: mandible |
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Term
sternocleidomastoid
action
origin
insertion |
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Definition
neck muscle
two-headed muscle located deep to platysma on anterolateral surface of neck
action: flex neck and rotate head
origin: manubrium of sternum + clavicle
insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone |
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Term
scalenes (ant, mid, post)
action
origin
insertion |
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Definition
neck muscles
lateral neck; deep to platysma + sternocleidomastoid
action: flex + rotate neck; elevate ribs 1-2
origin: transverse process of cervical vertebrae
insertion: ribs 1-2 |
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Term
digastric
action
origin
insertion |
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Definition
neck muscle
two bellies united by an intermediate tendon; V-shaped under chin
action: elevate hyoid; open mouth; depress mandible
origin:lower mandible + mastoid process
insertion: hyoid bone |
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Term
stylohyoid
action
origin
insertion |
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Definition
neck muscle
slender muscle parallels posterior border of digastric; below angle of jaw
action: elevates + retracts hyoid
origin: styloid process of temporal bone
insertion: hyoid bone |
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Term
mylohyoid
action
origin
insertion |
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Definition
neck muscle
just deep to digastric; forms floor of mouth
action: elevates hyoid bone + base of tongue during swallowing
origin: medial mandible
insertion: hyoid bone |
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Term
sternohyoid
action
origin
insertion |
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Definition
neck muscle
runs most medially along neck; straplike
action: depresses larynx
origin: manubrium + clavicle
insertion: hyoid bone |
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