Term
| What are the main functions of blood? |
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Definition
1) transport
2) Buffer (carbonic acid/bicarbonate,protein buffer
3) Thermoregulation
4) Sealing (thrombus generation)
5) Defense |
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Term
| What are the main components of blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the main components of plasma? |
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Definition
| serum plus coagulation factor(fibrinogen) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Which cell lines hematophoetic stem cells are progenitors of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sugars physically exposed on the exterior of red blood cells |
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Term
| Which type of immunoglobulins are antiA (B) antybodies? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which blood type is universal recipient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which blood type is universal donor? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the most immunogenic D antigen of the Rh blood group system |
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Term
| What happens when the mother is Rh-negative and the father is Rh-positive? |
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Definition
| When the mother is Rh-negative and the father is Rh-positive, the fetus can inherit the Rh factor from the father. This makes the fetus Rh-positive too. A mother who is Rh-negative may develop antibodies to an Rh-positive baby. Mother often receives an injection to avoid the development of antibodies toward the fetus. |
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Term
| Name 3 ways how antibodies help to fight infection (effector functions) |
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Definition
They can inhibit the toxic effects or infectivity of pathogens by binding to them: this is termed neutralization
By coating the pathogens, they can enable accessory cells that recognize the Fc portions of arrays of antibodies to ingest and kill the pathogen, a process called opsonization
Antibodies can also trigger activation of the complement system. |
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Term
| What happens when armed helper T cell encounters an antigen-binding B cell? |
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Definition
| T-cell becomes polarized and secretes IL-4 and other cytokines at the point of cell-cell contact. The cytoskeleton of T cell becomes polarized and the secretory apparatus (the Golgi apparatus) is reoriented by the cyto-skeleton toward the point of contact with the B cell,cytokines are released at the point of contact. |
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Term
| How the diversity of lymphocyte antigen receptors is generated? |
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Definition
| By somatic gene rearrangements. Different parts of the variable regions of antigen receptors are encoded by sets of gene segments. During a lymphocyte's development, one member of each set of gene segments is joined randomly to the others by an irreversible process of DNA recombination. |
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Term
| Describe the course of a typical acute infection |
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Definition
1. The level of infectious agent increases 2. Numbers of the pathogen exceed the threshold dose of antigen, the response is initiated;Immunological memory also starts to be induced.
3. After 4-5 days, effector cells and molecules of the adaptive response start to clear the infection.
4. When the infection is cleared, the response ceases, but antibody, residual effector cells, and also immunological memory provide lasting protection |
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Term
| What stimulates the formation of blood cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| How tumour can be killed by antibody? |
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Definition
1) receptor agonist activity leading to apoptosis
2)antibody binding to a cell surface receptor and blocking kinase activation and downstream signalling, leading to reduced proliferation and apoptosis
3) antibody binding to an enzyme can lead to neutralization, signalling abrogation and cell death
4) anybodies with toxins/siRNA/isotope
5) induced phagocytosis/opsonation/complement activation
6)stromal cells inhibition |
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Term
| How produce human ab in mouse? |
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Definition
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