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Haemotology
intro haemtology
78
Medical
Professional
11/02/2008

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Term
rbc are called what
Definition
erythrocytes
Term
blood is made up of what 4 components?
Definition
cells, plasma, proteins, clotting factors
Term
the proteins in the blood include what?
Definition
immunogloblins, complement and tranport (albumin for drugs, transferrin and others)
Term
Anemia is what? caused by what?
Definition
Decrease haemoglobin. cuased by blood loss, decreased production or increased RBC destruction
Term
what is the range of symtoms seens in anaemia?
Definition
fatigue and pallor, to tachycardioa and dyspnoea, to CCF and shock
Term
what are thc clinical manifestations of anaemia caused by?
Definition
tissue hypoxia
Term
what are the symptoms of anaemia a representation of
Definition
cardiorespiratory compensatory mechas
Term
how long to RBC survive?
Definition
120 days
Term
what are 4 types of anaemia?
Definition
1. microcytic, macrocytic, normocytic, reticulocytosis
Term
Microcytic anaemia is caused by what?
Definition

decreased haem or globin synthesis by

  • Fe (iron) deficiency,
  • thalassaemia,
  • anaemia of chronic disease
Term
macrocytic anaemia is a deficit in what? amd caused by what?
Definition
deficit in DNA synthesis, and is caused by decreased B12, or folate, cytotoxic
Term
what is reticulocytosis caused by
Definition
haemolyis, bleeding, B12/Fe treatment
Term
where if Fe absorbed?
Definition
intestinal mucosal cells in duodenum and upper jejunum
Term
what % of iron is absorbed?
Definition
10%
Term
what proetin transport iron?
Definition
transferrin
Term
after iron is bound to transferrin what happens?
Definition
it is stored as ferritin or utilised by erythroblasts
Term
In hypochromic microcytic anaemia what is is increased?
Definition
total iron binding capacity
Term
what improves bioavailability of Fe2+
Definition
vitamin C
Term
FE2+ is acquired from what? and its absorbption is reduced by what
Definition
veggies... phylates, tannin, bran
Term
iron deficiency anaemia can be caused by what?
Definition
blood loss or decrease absorption
Term

what of the following are not signs of iron deficiency anaemia?

  • glossitis
  • alopecia
  • joint pain
  • Koilonychia
  • angular stomatitis
  • nail clubbing
Definition
joint pain, alopecia, nail clubbing
Term
what investigation is warranted in iron deficiency anaemia?
Definition
endoscopy to see where is the blood loss
Term
a rare disorder where RBC production is impaired by disordered Fe metabolism is called what?
Definition
sideroblastic anaemias
Term
what is a sideroblast?
Definition
an erthroblast with Fe granules in cytosplasm
Term
hereditary sideroblastic anaemia is characterised by
Definition
being sex linked, benign and unresponsive to Fe
Term
although siderblastic anaeamia is often idiopathic in elderly what are other causes?
Definition
inflammatory disease. ,malignant disease. pernicious anaemia, myxodema, drugs
Term
what is the mechanism of anaemia of chronic disease?
Definition
mild ineffective erythropoiesis, reduced erthopoietin production, suboptimal erthropoietic response and decreased RBC survival
Term
what is the treatment of chronic disease anaemia?
Definition
underlying casue
Term
which of the following is a treatment for anaemia of chronic orgin? iron, B12, folic acid?
Definition
none of these haematinics are of value
Term
what is the normal arrangement of adult Hb?
Definition
2 alpha and 2 beta globin chains
Term
what is the normal arrangement of fetal Hb
Definition
2 alpha and 2 gamma globins chains
Term
sickle cell anaemia is characterised by what HB type
Definition
2 alpha and 2 abnormal beta globin chains
Term
sideroblastic anaemia is one of the most common types of anaemia? t or f
Definition
it is rare so false you crazy little diamond!
Term
HbA HbS would rstult in
Definition
HETEROZYGOTES protect from malaria
Term
being HbS -HbS results in what
Definition
sickle cell anaemia, with haemolyis, and infarcts
Term
B thalassaemia is a deficiency of what
Definition
B chain synthesis
Term
what % of aussie are carriers of gene for B thalassaemia
Definition
1%
Term
if you are B thalassaemia heterozygote what happens
Definition
mild hypochromic microcytic anaemia
Term
what are the outcomes of getting B thalassaemia with homozygote
Definition
serious disease (present infancy), severly anaemia, which are pron to infection, thos who survive develop hepatosplenomegaly, with frontal bossing o skull and brittle overgrwoth of long bones
Term
what is the Rx of beta thalassaemia
Definition
transfusions, and prevention of hameosiderosis with desferrioxamine
Term
how many genes and location of coding for alpha chain synthesis
Definition
4 alpha genes (2 on each chromsome 16)
Term
how many genes are associated with Beta chain sythesis
Definition
2, ith one on each chromosome 11
Term
what will 3 normal alpha coding genese result in?
Definition
a silent symtomless carrier (1:10)
Term
2 normal genes of alpha thalassaemia results in what
Definition
the alpha thalassaemia trait, which is a symtomless condition that is confused for Fe deficiency anaemia
Term
if you have 1 noraml gene in alpha thalassamia what outcome
Definition
get Haemoglobin H disaes, life long anaemia of mild to moderate degree, which requires periodic blood transfusions
Term
Haemoglobin barts hydrops fetalis is what and caused by what
Definition
sever fatal stillbirth, caused by having no alpha genes and thus alpha thalassaemia
Term
Normochromic anaemia is caused by what
Definition
decreased bone marrow production
Term
megaloblasts are what, and caused by
Definition
abnormally large RBC, caused by decrease dna sythesis
Term
where is B12 presenrt
Definition
meat, legumes, animal products (so vegans a prob)
Term
discusss the absorption fo B12
Definition
absorbed in terminal illem, whihc is facilkitated by gastric instrinsic factor, which is secreted by pareiental cells of stomach
Term
what are 4 casues of Vitamin b12 deficiency
Definition
diet, intrisinc factor deficiency, terminal ileum disease, bacterial colonisation of small intestine
Term
what will be presenting complain prob to a podiatrist with vitamin b12 deficiency
Definition
pain and soreness or numbness of feet when walking with peripheral nueoropathy
Term
where is folate absorbed
Definition
small intestine
Term
what 2 common drugs can cause folate deficiency
Definition
methotrexate and pyrimethamine
Term
what is wrong with this sentence...

"purpura simplex is a rare, usually male disorder with increased bruising and increased vascular fragility, where test may be abnormal
Definition
common, usually femal, test normal
Term
thrombocytopaenia is characterised by what
Definition
lack of platelts due to short time of platelet survvival
Term
idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura is caused by what
Definition
presence of auto Ab ofetn directed against membran glycoprotein IIb-IIa leads to destruction of platelts by macrophage moncyte system..... occassionaly Ag-Ab immune complexes addhere tro the platels at Fc receptor and this leads to premature removal
Term
is von willebrand disease autosomal dom or recesssive
Definition
it is autosomal dominant
Term
what % of patients with von willebrand dz will have increase APTT
Definition
75%
Term
discuss %age causes of Haemophillus A
Definition
70% family hx, 30% mutation...
Term
wat % of pts will develop Ab to monfix therapy who have haemophillia B
Definition
10-15%
Term
where is vit K stored
Definition
liver
Term
acute leukaemia initially has what sx?
Definition
fatugue, pallor, wt loss, easy bruising
Term
acute leukaemia will soon progress to
Definition
fever, haemorraghes, extreme weakness, bone and joint pain, repeated infections
Term
what is aim of rx in acute leukaemias?
Definition
cure!!!
Term
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMONE TYPE OF LEUKAEMIA, WHO DOES IT USUALLY AFFECT
Definition
chronic, old men
Term
untreated polycythaemia rubra vera resulyts in what
Definition
death by thrombosis, haemorrhage, or leukaemia
Term
a disaes characterised by increased vsciosity of blood, becasue of increase RBC mass and increase Hb
Definition
Polycthaemia Rubra VEra
Term
what is the ratio m:f of multiple myeloma, what percentage are 50-70?
Definition
2:1 (m:f) and 75%
Term

which of the following are function of the Spleen?

  1. generation of Ab
  2. removal of Ab
  3. produce B and T lymphocytes 
  4. remove bacteria, and senescent RBC
  5. reservoir for WBC and RBC
  6. reservoir for interferon
  7. remove inclusion bodies
  8. destroy plateltes
Definition
1,3,4,5,7
Term
hypersplenism is characterised by what
Definition
increased RBC destruction and decreased platelts
Term
when is the peak incidence of hodgkins disaes
Definition
15-34 and 60
Term
what systemic symptoms MAY be seen with hodgkins
Definition
anaemias, pruritis, night sweats, weight sweats
Term
what are the 4 types of hodgkins
Definition
lymphocyte predominat, mixed cellularity, nodular sclerosis, lymphocyte depleted
Term
what is stage 1 hodgkins
Definition
Stage I — Only one lymph node region is involved, or only one lymph structure is involved.
Term
There is widespread involvement of a number of organs or tissues other than lymph node regions or structures, such as the liver, lung, or bone marrow. in hodgkins, so what stage?
Definition
Stage IV
Term
subclass B of hodkins indicates what
Definition
absence of symtoms of wt loss or fever (A is presence of these symtoms)
Term
what are signs and symptoms of nonhodgkins lymphoma?
Definition
  1. lymph node enlargement
  2. pressure (internal abdominal)
  3. skin/bones
  4. B signs
  5. coombs +ve haemolytic anaemia
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