1912 Election

The presidential election between Woodrow Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, William H. Taft, and Eugene V. Debs.

Democrats take the house, Wilson wins with 435 electoral votes, and 6,296,547 popular votes

Wilson thought that business monopolies were a threat 

 Upton Sinclairs "The Jungle"

to expose the shocking conditions that immigrant workers endured. The public, however, reacted even more strongly to the novel's revelations of unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry. Serialized in 1905 and published in book form one year later, The jungle prompted a federal investigation that resulted in passage of the Meat Inspection Act in 1906  

Gifford Pinchot 

Was the head of the U.S Forest Service under president roosevelt. Believed that wilderness areas could be scientifically manged to yield public enjoyment while allowing private development. Left office in 1909  

Spheres of Influence 

The P.E.S.C domination of one country over another 

 dollar diplomacy

  President Taft's policy of encouragiion American investment in foreign economics

Norris-LaGuardia Act

A bill that was passed to provide support for employees that wish to create a union in 1932. However, with the Yellow-Dog contract it demanded that an employee would not form a union but would grant the employee better conditions.

Federal Reserve System

  privately owned, publicly controlled, central bank of the United States.

Settlement Houses 

Community Center providing assisstance to residents-particularly immigrants-in a slum neighborhood 

 17th Amendment and recall

  17th Amendment allows for direct election of US Senators A recall allows voters to remove unsatisfactory public officials from office

 18th Amendment

16th Amendment

  Authorizes income taxes

direct primary

  Procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature.

  An attempt to improve the Sherman Antitrust act of 1890, this law outlawed interlocking directorates (companies in which the same people served as directors), forbade policies that created monopolies, and made coporate officers responsible for antitrust violations. Benefiting labor, it declared that unions were not comspiracies in restraint of trade and outlawed the use of injunctions in labor disputes unless they were necessary to protect property.

Causes of World War 1 

 M.A.I.N

1.)Militarism 

        2.)Allience System 

 3.)Imperialism

  4.)Nationalism 

Mann-Elkins Act

ICC was set up to enforce the new law of railroad collusion. Act was passed which made it illegal for railroad officials to give, and shippers to recieve, rebates for using particualr railroads 

 plessy vs ferguson

An 1896 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that seperation of the races in public accommondations was legal, thus establishing the "seperate but equal" doctrine

Governmental agency that supervised the nations industrial production 

W.E.B. DuBois

No man's land  

An unoccupied region between opposing armies 

Espionage and Sedition Act

  Espionage Act of 1917; Sedition Act of 1918; reflected current fear about Germans and antiwar Americans; Among the 1,900 prosecuted under these laws were antiwar Socialists and members of the radical union Industrial Workers of the World; were enacted during WWI to keep Americans united in favor of the war effort.

founded Standard Oil of Ohio

 Panama canal 

An artificial waterway cut through the isthmus of panama to provide a shortcut between the atlantic and pacific oceans, opened in 1914 

Henry Ford

  famous for the first automobiles and their production - the assembly line. The Ford Motor Company tried to pay workers enough to buy his cars

 Florence Kelly

  Secretary of NCL who fought against child labor through boycotts.

 george pullman

  owned a cable car company

 Thomas Edison 

-Established the world's first research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey.

-At Menlo Park, Edison perfected the light bulb (patened in 1880), and the distribution of electrical power soon after

Christopher Sholes 

Invented the typewriter in 1867 

Scabs 

Also known as strikebreakers, would be hired by company's that worker's were striking at, to stop strikes by continuing to work 

urbanization 

the growth of cities 

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

  On March 25th, 1911, a fire broke out in a Factory in New York. There the 8th, 9th, and 10th floors were engulfed by the flames. All exits but one were blocked due to the paranioe of theft.

Ellis island 

An immigration station that would inspect european immigrants, which was originaly located in Castle Garden, New York. But was moved to ellis Island in New York Harbor

 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

This 1903 treaty granted the US control over a canal zone ten miles wide across the isthmas of Panama. In return the US guaranteed the independence of panama and agreed to pay colombia a onetime fee of 10 mil and an annual rental of 250k

Quota System

A system that sets limits on how many immigrants from various countries a nation will admit each year 

 Big Stick Diplomacy

US could resist European intervention in the Western hemisphere. US expanded Navy and greater involvement in World affairs.

 Francisco “Pancho” Villa

  A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. He was assassinated in 1923.

annex

to add; attach to incorporate an attachment or addition

 William Henry Harrison

  1) He was pushed into presidential race. He was a war hero and was not nominated for his ability. 2)1840 Presidential elections. 3) 1st Whig President & 1st President to die in office.

Causes of the Spanish-American war 

!.)Yellow Journalism

2.) The De Lome Letter

3.) The Sinking of the U.S.S Maine

3.) Jose Marti 

Results of the Spanish-American war 

    On December 10, 1898, the United States and Spain met in Paris to agree on a treay. At the peace talks, Spain freed Cuba and turned over the islands of Guam in the pacific and Puerto Rico in the West Indies to the United States. Spain also sold the phillipines to the U.S for 20 milion dollars 

 The Conservation Movement

  Romantic-Transcendental Preservation Ethic
    Nature has uses other than human economic gain
           Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, John Muir
Resource Conservation Ethic
   "natural resources"
      gifford pinchot
Evolutionary-Ecological Land Ethic
  developed in the 20th century with evolutionary ecology
   Aldo Leopold

Due process clause of the 14th amendment 

Angered by Johnson's actions, radical and moderate republican factions decided to work together to shift the control ofthe reconstruction process from the executive branch to the legislature. in mid 1866, the 14th amedment was drafted as well as the override pf the presidents vetoes of the civil right act and Freedman's Bureau act 

Row Houses 

Single-family dwellings that shared side walls with other other similiar houses. Packed many single-family residences onto a single block 

  prohibited interstate distribution or sale of adulterated or misbranded food and drugs

1.) Senator John Sherman, consolidated industry leaders on july 2,1890

2.) first antitrust legislation: every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal. made monopolization a felony.

3.) encourage competition, limit cartels and monopolies, specifically targeted at Standard Oil Trust, and J.P. Morgan's railroad monopoly

 The Gilded Age

  The "Gilded Age" in American History refers to the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction Era from 1865 to 1901, which saw unprecedented economic, territorial, industrial, and population expansion. The drastic increase in the diversity of the United States due to immigration, drawn by the promise of American prosperity, encountered increased prejudice and racial discrimination from the largely Anglo-Saxon majority.

The great chicago fire 

October 8th-10th, 1871 

During the time before this terrible accident accured, the majority of buildings were designed with the intention of using wood for the frame. However, with the many stoves and flamable materials that individuals were putting in with it, it eventually led to the most distructive event in American History. Until later surpassed by the San Francisco earthquake 

platt amendment

  barred cuba from making treaties with other nations - gave US the right to intervene in cuba to preserve independence, life, and poverty - required cuba to permit american naval stations on its territory

 (Mary Harris Jones)

Merit System

A system that checks the indivdual for specific qualifications in order to obtain that profession

 PUBLIC POLICIES & NATIONAL ELECTIONS ::THE POLITICAL LIFE OF THE TARIFF:: McKinley Tariff Act 1890

  ::Raised tariffs greatly! ::Unpopular, so much that Democrats returned to power

 Haymarket Riot

  Chicago, 1886. McCormick reaper factory, Haymarket square, people protest, police brutality, starting riot and BOMBING

 Pullman Strike of 1894

  started when Pullman car company cut wages, and spread across the nation

 Populist Platform

 De facto Segregation

Segregation of schools and other public facilities through circumstance with no law supporting it.

 Foraker Act

  America allowed Puerto Rico a limited degree of popular government and granted them US citizenship

 Australian ballot

A government-printed ballot of uniform dimensions to be cast in secret that many states adopted around 1890 to reduce voting fraud associated with party-printed ballots cast in public

 Muckrakers

Investigative journalists; a term coined by Prez Teddy Roosevelt to describe reporters who specialized in exposing scandals and corruption--he said they were so busy raking muck that they didnt see the good in the world. The term was taken from John Bunyans Pilgrim Progress(1678)

Robert LaFollette

 Fighting Bob" - senatore of Wisconsin - "Wisconson Idea" --> worker's compensation system, RR rate reform, direct legislation, municipal home rule

 19th Amendment

  1920 Right to vote for women

 Hepburn Act

meant to strengthen the IntERstate Commerce Commision -- gave power to set RR rates

u-boats

  the German word for submarine. The primary targets of the U-boat campaigns in both world wars were the merchant convoys bringing supplies from Canada and the United States to Europe.

 ZIMMERMAN NOTE

  Note proposing German alliance with Mexico - Mexico to receive land back if they declare war on the U.S.

14 points

1918 Wilson wanted free nations, and a general association of those nations.

 Andrew Carnegie

Was the owner of a steel business, eventually monopolied over other productions

William Tweed

  corrupt head of Tamany Hall who embezzled millions of dollars from NYC

 patronage

  Appointment of individuals into public office in exchange for their political support. Widely present in the 18th and 19th centuries and continues to present day.

 Pendleton Civil Service Act

  -1883 -established a permanent Civil Service Commission of 3 members, appointed by the president

 Interstate Commerce Act

  -1887 -created 1st gov't commission - Interstate Commerce Commission -established by gov't to make sure that rr's charged reasonable and just rates -not very successful

 Coinage Act of 1873

  tightentd money supply by eliminating silver coin from cerculation. called crime of '73

Open Door Policy

-proposed and declared by the U.S -this policy proposed that China’s “doors” be open to merchants of all nations -Britain and the other European nations agreed -this policy thus protected both American trading rights in China and China’s freedom from colonization -but the country was still at the mercy of foreign powers

Roosevelt Corollary

Payne-Aldrich Act 

During Tafts Presidency, The payne bill was used in order to lower rates on imported manufafactored goods. The Aldrich bill, was used in order to make fewer cuts and increase rates on the goods. The Payne-Aldrich Tariff was passed in order to moderate the high rates of the aldrich bill 

 The Taft Hartley Act

The Taft-Hartley Act severely restricted the activities and power of labor unions in the United States.

jacob riis

  wrote, How the Other Half Lives - concerned with tenement life - favored getting rid of slum dewllings with out replacing the housing

 Charles Goodyear

  Artificial Rubber

 Booker T Washington

Atlanta Compromise address Washington urged blacks to accomidate themselves to segregations and push for equality.

 The Wagner Act

  helped raise farm prices
 aimed at facilitating better business/labor relations
 guaranteed bank deposits
 raised tariff walls

 Adamson Act

mandated an eight-hour-workday and overtime pay for RR workers; Wilson also regulated child labor and provided workers’ compensation.

  Jane Adams

This social theorist started a settlement house (Hull House) in Chicago

Oliver Wendell Holmes

  announces new standard away from bad tendency to determine the danger posed by speech. Not just tencency but a clear and present danger. Justice Holmes.

Jazz Age 1920's

Volstead Act of 1919

  Established a federal Prohibition Bureau to enforce the 18th Amendment, but it was understaffed.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Pact of Paris in 1928. *Signed by US and 62 nations. *US secretary of state Frank B Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Braind. Grandly and naively renounced war in principle.

Immigration Act, 1921(Emergency Quota Act)

 Setting a max. of 357,000 new immigrants per year. 3% quota based on 1910 census. Goal: To freeze exisiting ethnic composition. Shortly followed by the Johnson-Reed Act.

Great Migration

The Great Migration was the mass movement of Puritans to Massachusetts Bay that began in 1630 and continued into the 1640s. Bad times and religious persecution in England provoked it.

Spirit of St. Louis 

Charles Lindberg's airplane that he flew from New York City to Paris, France 

United Negro Improvement Association 

Founded by Marcus Garvy, sole purpose was to obtain equal rights between races.  

President Hoover, Coolidge, and Harding's perspective's 

 1.)conservative views 

2.) Supported big business's through tax cuts for corporations and the wealthy and through high tariffs, believed that government should not intervene in the economy

3.)Believed in limited role in foreign affairs and international efforts to prevent war

4.) Believed government should not act to protect or assisst individuals

5.)Due to the depression hoover eventually had to take governmental action to help the economy 

 Langston Hughes

-black poet; wrote about current events; had a rhythm and jazz element to his writing

Paul Robeson

lawyer, Rhodes Scholar, Artist, Activist -appeared in "Showboat", "Othello" -first black actor to play Othello on an American stage -longest running actor as Othello

 Gertrude Ederle

  First woman to cross the English Channel, olympic swimmer

 Jack Dempsey

 rags to riches boxer; a symbol for people to stand behind, celebrity athlete

Charlie Chaplin(1914)

  silent movie star who had fans all over the world

 al jolson

  most famous minstrel singer

 U.S. author, nicknamed "Papa," known for his simple, clear style

Eugene O Neil 

Famous Playwrite 

James Weldon Johnson

 Lift Every Voice and Sing" (unoffical negro national anthem) and "Sence You Went Away" Book of African American Poetry (1921) seminal book that began the harlem Renissance was the organizer for NAACP.