It is attached at margins of articular carilage between bony surfaces.  This membrane is pouched or folded to allow for joint movment.  it encloses the synovial cavity and secretes into it a small abount of viscous lubricating fluid.

Ligament

sharp pain radiating down a dermatome

(indicative of nerve root involvment)

(back suggesting copression usually from a herniated disc)

Varus

bent or twisted ouward away from midline of the body

(bow-legged)

bent or twisted toward midline

(knock-kneed)

incomplete dislocation

(though relationship is altered, contact between joint surfaces remains)

sensation imparted to the palpatin finger by gas or air in the subcutaneous tissues

(also caused by the grating of two joints in close proximity)

Bunion

swelling along with fluid in a tissue

(feels like a sponge)

Sprain

(GRADES of sprains)

a complete or partial LIGAMENTOUS injury

Grade 1--paint/tenderness w/o loss of motion

Grade 2--pain/tenderness: ecchymosis w/ some loss of motion

Grade 3--pain/tenderness:  swelling & ecchymosis w/ complete loss of motion

a partial or complete disruption of muscle or tendon (muscle to bone)

usually associated with overuse

articulation between mandible and skull

found anterior to the tragus of the ear

Flexion: chin to chest 

45 degrees

Extension:  tilt head back 

55 degrees

Rotation: chin to right and left shoulder

70 degrees

Lateral bending: bend neck side to side 

40 degrees

located benetha the anitomical snuff box

Rotator cuff muscles

Supraspinatus--abduct elbow and forearm

Infraspinatous--adduct and rotate forearm laterally

Teres minor--adduct and rotate forearm laterally

Subscapularous--rotate forarm medially

Supraspinatous

(action)

abduction of the arm

(initiates the first 15 degrees alone and continues to abduct through 90)  Deltoid is active from 15 to 180 degrees of abduction

anterior talofibular ligament

posterior talofibular ligament

calcaneofibular ligament

--Rest thumb and index finger of R hand on each side of the patella.  With L hand, compress suprapatellar pouch back against the femur.  Feel for fluid entering the spaces under the R thumb and finger.

--If fluid is felt, press patella backward against femur with R hand as L hand feels for fluid return.

iliopectineal bursa

trochanteric bursa

ischial bursa

nerve

artery

vein

empty space

lymph

bending forward

approx. 75 degrees

bending backward

approx. 30 degrees

R and L

approx. 35 degrees each dirrection

 flexion

extension

abduction

adduction

opposition

flexion: 90 degrees

Hyperextension: 30 degrees

[image]

Adduction and internal rotation

Abduction and External rotation

Concavity of the spine

(lumbar and cervical region are normally concave)

Persistance of the concavity of the lumbar region upon flexion of the spine.

(muscular spasm or ankylosing spondylitis)

Structural – fixed curvature of spine

becoming more obvious with flexion.

Functional – compensatory curvature of spine that disappears with flexion (seen

with longer leg or lumbar muscular spasm).

Internal rotation of the hip

(foot goes where?)

Dorsiflexion

VS

Plantarflexion

D--toes toward the knee (20 degrees)

P--Toes toward the floor (45 degrees)

Eversion VS Inversion

ANKLE

E--bending ankle laterally (20 degrees)

I--bending the ankle medially (30 degrees)

The longitudinal arch of the foot flattens so that the sole approaches or touches the floor.

(inspect shoes at the inner sole and the heal for wear)

This should be between 2-4 inches

Wider suggests--hip dislocation, foot problems or cerebellar disease

Anterior cruciate ligament

Keeps femur from falling foward

Bursa of the pelvis

(picture)

AKA: ischial bursitis

--Results from sweeling of the ischial bursa and can mimic sciatica

involves the long head of the biceps tendon

Tenderness in the bicipital groove of anterior shoulder

Not common

Tenderness over the acromial clavicular joint

Frozen Shoulder

involves the glenohumeral joint capsule

dull difuse aching pain in shoulder

Compression of the subclavian vessles, brachial plexus or both

Most common manifestation along the ulnar nerve

Tennsi Elbow

(followign extension of the wrist or pronation of the forearm)

Pitcher's or Golfer's elbow

(repetative wrist flexion)

Nodules on the dorsolateral aspects of the DIP's

(osteo arthritis)

PIP's, MCP's and wrist

(fusiform or spindle shaped swelling)

Ulnar deviation of joints

Boutonierre Deformity

VS

Swan Neck Deformity

B--Flextion of the joint

SN--extension of the joint

Thickened plaque overlaying the flexion tendon

(first sign over the flexion tendon of the ring finger and possibly little figner)

With progression flexion contracture can ensue

Nudule at the base of the palm that is too larger to enter the tendon sheath which will then not allow a person to extend the figner at the MCP joint

(diff. from Dupuytren's b/c with pressure the figner can be extended)

T--suggestes median nerve disorder (ie carpal tunnel syndrome)

HT--Suggests ulnar nerve disorder

Lateral deviation or abnomal abducation of the bigtoe in relationship to the the first metatarsal

most common is the 2nd toe

hyperextension of the metotarsal phalangeal joint with flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint