Term
| What is the purpose of brown body fat in a neonate? |
|
Definition
Heat production by uncouple ox phos from thermgenin protein
Found in babies and hibernating animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neural Tube Defects (spina bifida)
Abd wall defects (Gastrocele, Omphalocele) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Enterotoxins, Exfoliating Toxin, and Toxic Shock Toxin
Bind the Macrophage (Il-1, TNF) and Tcell (Il-2) together |
|
|
Term
| What are the stop codons and what recognizes them? |
|
Definition
UAA, UGA, UAG
releasing factor |
|
|
Term
| What causes Lymphgranuloma Venereum? |
|
Definition
| Chlamydia Trachomatis L1,2,3 |
|
|
Term
| What would you find histologically in a person infected with Chlamydia trachomatis L1,2,3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What STD, if left untreated, can cause elephantisis? |
|
Definition
| Granuloma Inguinale (Donavinosis) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of fetal hydronephrosis? |
|
Definition
| not enough canalization of the uteropelvic junction (between kidney and ureter) |
|
|
Term
| What happens when you have an incomplete closure of the Processes Vaginalis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nucleoside analog
Get's incorporated into viral DNA and terminates viral DNA chain synthesis |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat Herpes infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What converts testosterone to DHT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| small phalus, hypospadias, XY, masculinized at puberty |
|
Definition
| 5 alpha reductase deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What supplies blood to the upper 1/3 of the ureter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ureter path down to bladder |
|
Definition
Over Common/External Illiac
Under the gonadal Vessels
Lateral to Internal Iliac A
Medial to Gonadal/Ovarian Vessels as they enter the pelvis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anti-Progestin
used for therapeutic abortions
Often with Misoprostol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does N. Gonorrhea do with it's Pili to enhance virulence? |
|
Definition
antigenic variation
...switches them |
|
|
Term
| Stroke + foot/renal infarction |
|
Definition
emboli!
maybe from atrial fibrillation, valvular vegetation, aortic athlerosclerotic plaques |
|
|
Term
| What type of groin hernia occurs under the Inguinal Ligament? |
|
Definition
Femoral Hernia
both Indirect and Direct Hernias occur above the Inguinal Ligament |
|
|
Term
| What is the Deep Inguinal Ring? |
|
Definition
| hole in the Tranversalis Fascia through with Indirect Hernias come through |
|
|
Term
| What lies in the spermatic cord? |
|
Definition
Ductus Deferens and Artery
Cremastic Artery
Testicular Artery
Pampiniform Venous Plexus
Genitourinary N
Sympathetic and Parasymp N of the Spermatic Plexus |
|
|
Term
| What is the medial border of Hasselbach's triangle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
immature squamous cell with:
- dense irregularly staining cytoplasm
- perinuclear clearing (halo) |
|
|
Term
| If you think someone has GC, what do you treat with? |
|
Definition
| Ceftriaxone... but you also give them Azithromycin to cover Chlamydia (which doesn't have cell wall pepticoglycan) |
|
|
Term
| What is urethritis in a young male most likely due to? |
|
Definition
N. Gonorrhea
Chlamydia Trachomatis |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat N. Gonorrhea or Gonococcal? |
|
Definition
Ceftriaxone IM shot
but also Tx for chlamydia (Azithromycin) |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat Chlamydia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of epithelium does the ovary have? |
|
Definition
Germinal epithelium
Simple cuboidal |
|
|
Term
| What kind of epithelium does the vagina have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of epithelium do the ovarian tubes have? |
|
Definition
Simple columnar
with ciliated cells and peg cells (secretion) |
|
|
Term
| What kind of epithelium does the uterus have? |
|
Definition
simple columnar
Divided into functional and basilar levels |
|
|
Term
| What kind of epithelium does the cervix have? |
|
Definition
Simple columnar
Stratified Squamous |
|
|
Term
| Woman with glomerulonephritis, photosensitive skin rash, arthralgias |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome |
|
Definition
recurrent 2nd 3rd trimester miscarriages
hypercoagulability
seen in SLE pts |
|
|
Term
| Which ligament houses the nerves, arteries, veins, and lymphatics for the ovaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the ovaries drain to? |
|
Definition
Left ovary -> Renal Vein
Right ovary -> Inferior Vena Cava |
|
|
Term
| Where does the ovarian blood supply come from? |
|
Definition
Ovarian AA
from the abdomenal aorta bilaterally |
|
|
Term
| How can an alpha blocker treat urinary incontinence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some beta-lactamase inhibitors? |
|
Definition
| Tazobactam, Sulbactam, Clavulanic acid |
|
|
Term
| How does Pip-Tazo work better than the two individually? |
|
Definition
| Tazo keep Pipercillin from being destroyed by beta lactamases |
|
|
Term
| What bugs are beta-lactamase positive? |
|
Definition
| Staph Aureas, H flu, Bacteroids, other G (-)'s |
|
|
Term
| Does citrate increase or decrease crystalization into renal stones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What factors increase salt crystalization?
Form stones |
|
Definition
| Ca, P, oxalate, uric acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vesicular, blistering eruption that eventually leads to yellow crust
- caused by Staph Aureas or Strep Pyogenes
- Often seen peri-orally in kids |
|
|
Term
| What is group A streptococcus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some common sequelae of Group A Strep infections? |
|
Definition
Rheumatic Fever (only associated with throat infection)
Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis |
|
|
Term
| 22yo female with left knee pain, right elbow/wrist pain. Aspiration has opaque exudate with neutrophils and a bug. |
|
Definition
| Septic Arthritis from N Gonorrhea |
|
|
Term
| What usually causes septic arthritis in kids or non-sexually active adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Acute hemorrhagic cystitis
(sx)
(virus that causes it) |
|
Definition
Dysuria, hematurea
Adenovirus (group B, serotype 11 and 21) |
|
|
Term
| How do eosinophils defend against parasites? |
|
Definition
They're bound by IgE...
That complex is attacked by eosinophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PCOS pts are at a higher risk for: |
|
Definition
DM
endometrial adenocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oligomenorrhea
androgenization/hirsutism
obesity
enlarged sclerotic cystic ovaries "string of pearls" |
|
|
Term
| What converts androgens to estrogen in the ovaries, testes, placenta, and other peripheral tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fish and bread have a good aroma |
|
Definition
| FSH stimulates the aromatase in the granulosa cells to convert androgens to estrogen |
|
|
Term
maternal virulization during pregnancy
Ambiguous genitalia in female baby |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vesicouretal reflux can lead to .... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What affect does a reversible competitive antagonist have on a drug's ED50 and E max? |
|
Definition
ED50 shifted to right
E max is the same |
|
|
Term
| What's the quickest definitive way to Dx syphilis? |
|
Definition
| Darkfield microscopy for spirochetes |
|
|
Term
| Urine coming out of umbilicus in a baby |
|
Definition
| Patent urachus/Persistant allantois |
|
|
Term
| Is pelvic fracture associated with posterior or anterior urethral injury? |
|
Definition
| Posterior urethral injury |
|
|
Term
| Are straddle injuries associated with posterior or anterior urethral injury? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
unable to void with sensation of full bladder
high riding boggy prostate
blood at urethral meatus |
|
Definition
urethral injury
(foley catheter contraindicated) |
|
|
Term
| cyanotic toe/livedo reticularis and renal failure following an invasive vascular procedure |
|
Definition
athleroembolic renal disease
- will have cholesterol emboli in renal arteries |
|
|
Term
fever, maculopapular rash, renal failure
following treatment with beta lactams or some other drugs |
|
Definition
acute interstitial nephritis
- eosinophilia, eosinophilurea
- tx by taking away the drug |
|
|
Term
| abrupt onset of hematuria in a pt with history of sickle cell anemia, DM, analgesic nephropathy, or severe obstructive pyelonephritis |
|
Definition
Papillary necrosis
- can see tissue fragments |
|
|
Term
| Local obstetric analgesic near the ischial spine blocks what nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antibiotic that causes flushing, HA, N, V when Pt drinks ETOH |
|
Definition
metronidazole
- common tx for trachomonis vaginosis |
|
|
Term
Several months of anal pain, itching, bleeding
ulcerative anal mass |
|
Definition
squamous cell anal carcinoma
increased risk with HPV/HIV infection |
|
|
Term
| What does the histology of acute pyelonephritis look like? |
|
Definition
massive interstitial infiltration with PMN leukocytes
Nuetrophils in tubular lumina |
|
|
Term
| Sodium cyanide-nutroprisside test for kidney stones |
|
Definition
cystinurea (aminourea)
Hexagonal cystine crystals
start at young age |
|
|
Term
| What is the main MOA of oral contraceptives? |
|
Definition
| Block LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary. |
|
|
Term
| male incomplete fusion of urogenital folds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure are the uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper 1/3 of vagina derived from? |
|
Definition
fusion of the paramesonephric ducts
Failure -> bicornate uterus |
|
|
Term
| mesonephric ducts turn into.... |
|
Definition
females: Gartner's ducts
males: epididymus, ductus deferens, Seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts |
|
|
Term
| mesonephric tubules turn into ... |
|
Definition
male: efferent ductules
carries sperm from testes to epididymus |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important risk factor for cervical cancer? |
|
Definition
multiple sex partners
bc of increased risk of HPV infection |
|
|
Term
| Is family hx an important risk factor for cervical cancer? |
|
Definition
| No. It's important for breast and ovarian cancer |
|
|
Term
| Mucolopurulent cervicitis and motion tenderness |
|
Definition
PID
can lead to infertility |
|
|
Term
| Patients with indwelling catheters are at risk for infection with what bugs? |
|
Definition
Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staph Saprophyticus, Proteus mirabilis
**Opportunistic bugs |
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent recurrence of HSV episodes? |
|
Definition
| daily suppressive doses of Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, or Famciclovir |
|
|
Term
| What catalase positive, Gram + cocci causes UTI's in sexually active women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Staph Saprophyticus coagulase + or -? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Staph Saprophyticus Biocin sensitive or resistant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What landmark distinguishes a direct and indirect hernia? |
|
Definition
| Inferior Epigastric Artery |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common benign tumor of the breast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a breast fibroadenoma look like histologically? |
|
Definition
| cellular, myxoid stroma that encircles and sometimes compresses epithelium lined glandular and cystic spaces |
|
|
Term
T or F?
Anovulatory and irregular menstrual periods are common for the first 5 years of menstruation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drains to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
| all skin below the umbilicus (including anus up to pectineal line) except skin on the posterior calf |
|
|
Term
| Calcium levels in the serum and urine in pt's with kidney stones |
|
Definition
Serum = normal
Urine = high |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of calcium kidney stones? |
|
Definition
hypercalciurea
hyperoxalurea
hyperuricosurea
low urinary volume
hypocitrateurea |
|
|
Term
| What are the five types of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ? DCIS |
|
Definition
comedocarcinoma
solid
cribiform
papillary
micropapillary |
|
|
Term
| Comedocarcinoma histology |
|
Definition
| solid sheets of pleomorphic, high grade cells with central necrosis that can calcify |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marker for ovarian carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| What prevents the growth of the uterus in male fetuses? |
|
Definition
Mullerian Inhibiting Factor secreted from the testes
suppresses the Paramesonephric/Mullerian ducts |
|
|
Term
| What regulates the growth of external genitalia in male fetuses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What regulates the growth of internal genitalia in male fetuses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacterial Vaginosis
Gardenerella |
|
|
Term
| Grey vaginal discharge, fishy odor, positive whiff test on KOH test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cottage cheese vaginal discharge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| yellow-green foamy vaginal discharge, petechiae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| L Varicocele, Hypertension, Edema |
|
Definition
| Something compressing the L Renal V |
|
|
Term
| Where does the L gonadal Vein drain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the R Gonadal Vein drain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Strep Pyogenes
What does Protein M do? |
|
Definition
Prevent phagocytosis and complement activation
Antigenic (activates specific immunity) |
|
|
Term
Strep Pyogenes
What does Streptolycin O do? |
|
Definition
oxygen-labile immunogenic
lyses erythrocytes and PMNs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
plasminogen -> plasmin
extracellular enzyme that breaks down fibrin and is used as a thrombolytic agent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypertension, Proteinuria, Edema in pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
can result from pre-eclampsia
Hemolysis, Elevated LFT's, Low Platelets |
|
|
Term
| What are the absolute contraindication of OC's? |
|
Definition
1. Prior Hx of thromboembolic event or stroke
2. Hx of estrogen dependent tumor
3. Heavy smoker over 35 yo
4. Hypertriglyceridemia
5. Decompensated/active liver dz (steroid processing)
6. Pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| woman with HTN, facial hair, oligomenorrhea, obese |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enlarged with cysts...
string of pearls |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat PCOS infertility? |
|
Definition
estrogen receptor modulator
Clomiphene |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat PCOS hirsutism? |
|
Definition
Androgen receptor modulator
Spironolactone |
|
|
Term
| Dark urine, facial puffiness following a skin infection |
|
Definition
| Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis |
|
|
Term
| GAS bacitran sensitive or resistant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do granulosa-thecal cell tumors secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UTI + white blood cell casts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you treat post surgical urine retention? |
|
Definition
muscarinic cholinergic agonist
Bethanechol |
|
|
Term
| What kind of adnexal mass secretes estrogen? |
|
Definition
Granulosa Cell tumor
can cause endometrial hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| What kind of kidney stone won't show up on Xray but will show up on ultrasound? |
|
Definition
| Uric Acid stones are radioluscent |
|
|
Term
| Fever, maculopapular rash in a cephalocaudal progression, posterior auricular suboccipital lymphadenopathy |
|
Definition
| Rubella infection in adult |
|
|
Term
| What is a pregnant woman with a primary Rubella infection at risk for? |
|
Definition
| Polyarthralgia, Polyarthritis |
|
|
Term
| Congenital Rubella Syndrome |
|
Definition
| Sensoral neural deafness, cataracts, cardiac malformations (PDA) |
|
|
Term
| What causes septic shock? |
|
Definition
Endotoxins released
LPS from Gram - bacteria
Lipid A, O antigen, core polysaccharide |
|
|
Term
| triggers for Candida Vaginosis |
|
Definition
1. Antibiotic use (suppress lactobaccili)
2. Contraceptive use (oral and topical)
3. Corticosteroid therapy
4. uncontrolled DM
5. other immunosuppressant (HIV) |
|
|
Term
| Which vaginosis dz are associated with a higher pH >4.5? |
|
Definition
| trachomonas and bacterial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
peritoneal fluid collects in the scrotum
- in the tunica vaginalis |
|
|
Term
| What is the tunica vaginalis derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common causes of PID? |
|
Definition
| N. Gonorrhea and Chlamydia |
|
|
Term
| What is a common sequelae of PID? |
|
Definition
| ectopic pregnancy and infertility |
|
|
Term
| What cell process causes withdrawal bleeding when on OC's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| abd pain, vaginal bleeding, hypovolemic shock, hx of ectopic pregnancies/PID |
|
Definition
| Ruptured ectopic pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What is an important risk factor for ectopic pregnancies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the endometrium look like in pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the endometrium look like in the early proliferative phase? |
|
Definition
| short straight endometrial glands and compact stroma |
|
|
Term
| What causes septic shock? |
|
Definition
Endotoxins released
LPS from Gram - bacteria
Lipid A, O antigen, core polysaccharide |
|
|
Term
| hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnic, elevated/depressed temperatures |
|
Definition
septic shock
early = elevated
later = depressed |
|
|
Term
| What immunologic substances is vital for septic shock? |
|
Definition
| TNF-alpha, IL-1, and IL-6 |
|
|
Term
| What drugs mimic the structure of D-ala-D-ala? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "bunch of grapes" from a D&C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone is elevated in hydatidaform moles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enlarged uterus, increased beta-hCG levels, vaginal bleeding, lung nodules ... in postpartum woman |
|
Definition
choriocarcinoma:
- proliferation of cytotrophoblasts and syncitioblasts |
|
|
Term
| What is a vulvar painless, indurated ulcer in a patient with positive VLDR from a lumbar puncture? |
|
Definition
gumma
because it's tertiary syphillis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| male infertility, recurrent otitis/sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs inversus, recurrent respiratory infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seen in ovaries of women with endometriosis |
|
|
Term
| dyschesia, dysparunia, dysmenorrhea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does cryptorchism pt's have elevated or depressed inhibin? |
|
Definition
depressed (from sertoli cells) -> high FSH
*everything from Leydig cells are normal (testosterone/LH) |
|
|
Term
| What type of cell does LH stimulate in males? |
|
Definition
| Leydig cells -> testosterone |
|
|
Term
| What cells does FSH stimulate in males? |
|
Definition
| Sertoli cells -> sperm, inhibin |
|
|
Term
| Enlarged kidney with dilation and deformation at renal calices and pelvis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bronchial bug is tested for with mucicarmine stain? |
|
Definition
cryptococcus neoformans
the polysaccharide capsule stains red |
|
|
Term
| Where does lymph from the scrotum drain to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does lymph from the testes drain to? |
|
Definition
|
|
