Nervous, Epithelial, Muscle, Connective

Grouped by cell type and how much ECM is associated with each

Neurons - send/receive sensory info via dendrite and axon

Glial - feed, clothe, bathe, defend, protect neurons

No real ECM in nervous tissue

Integrates and regulates all info in body, and most highly developed cell communication

Functions: protection, absorption, secretion, sensory

Dense -- cells attached to each other for communication

Very little ECM with defined basement membrane

Avascular

Usually cover/line something

Can have specialized structures like cilia, microvilli, or large secretory vacuoles

Location: alveoli, lining of blood and lymphatic vessels, surface layer of connective tissue membranes like pleura, pericardium and peritoneum 

Function: absorption, secretion 

Location: many types of glands, ducts, and tubules of kidneys

Function: secretion and absorption

Location: surface layer of mucous lining of stomach, intestines

Function: protection, secretion, absorption, moving of mucus (aided by goblet cells) 

Location: surface of mucous membrane lining trachea, large bronchi, nasal mucosa, epididymis, vas deferens, and lines ducts of some glands 

Function: protection 

Location: surface of mucous membrane lining urinary bladder and ureters

Function: allows for stretching

Location: surface of mucous membranes lining mouth, esophagus, vagina

Function: protection

Location: surface of the skin

Function: protection, waterproofing

Has a cornified layer

Long fibers, single enucleated cells, spindle shaped

Loosely organized

Microscopically visible ECM

No striations

In organs/vessels

Cells have branched appearance

Single nucleus per fiber

Unique, darkly stained lines -- intercalated disks -- SYNCHRONIZES contraction

Very long multi-nucleated fibers

Densely organized

No ECM

Notable cross striations

Attach to skeleton or to dermal regions of the skin

Most abundant and diverse tissue in the body

Connect, supports, transports, defends, storage

Very few cells and lots of ECM

Four major types: blood, fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, bone

Defining feature of connective tissue

Composition is dependant on function of tissue

Bone - rigid crystals for strength

Blood - water and soluble proteins for circulation

Ear cartilage - flexibility

One of the four major types of connective tissue

 Vascular tiisue (blood) - transport oxygen, CO2, and other substances through the body

Consists of a matrix of plasma (ECM), formed elements (RBCS, WBCs, and platelets/thrombocytes)

One of the four types of connective tissue

Classified by density of the ECM present and the arrangement: adipose, loose (ordinary, areolar), reticular, dense (regular), dense (irregular)

Form of fibrous connective tissue (type of connective tissue)

Store fat in large vesicles 

Insulates, protects, and stores energy reserves fat

Not a lot of ECM between cells 

Type of fibrous connective tissue (one of four types)

3D web of fine reticulate fibers

Forms framework of spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow cavities

Functions for support and filtration

Type of fibrous connective tissue (one of four types)

Fibroblasts are major cell type

They are responsible for laying the ECM

Found in dermis layer of skin or around adipose tissue

Form of fibrous connective tissue (one of four types)

Dense, regular: lots of matrix and fibroblast cells, parallel fibers of collagen, tendons and ligaments

Dense irregular: lots of matrix but few fibroblasts, unorganized, highly protective: kidney capsule

One of 5 types of fibrous connective tissue (one of four types)

Chondrocytes responsible for cartilage production

Cartilage is AVASCULAR

Primary ECM protein is collagen

Three types: Hyaline or Glassy, Fibrocartilage, Elastic

One of the 3 types of cartilage which is one of the 5 types of fibrous connective tissue which is 1 of the 4 types of connective tissue

Chondrocytes housed in largue lacunae

Collagen predominant in ECM - gives tissue glassy like appearance

Found in structures like trachea -- also forms template for long bones during fetal development

one of the 3 types of cartilage which is one of the 5 types of fibrous connective tissue which is 1/4 types of connective tissue

Very large lacunae - fewer cells than hyaline cartilage

Less dense arrangement

Elastin is major ECM protein

Found in flexible structures such as ear and epiglottis

1 of the 3 types of cartilage which is 1 of the 5 types of fibrous connective tissue which is 1/4 types of connective tissue

Smaller lacunae and more cells

More ordered and denser arrangement of collagenous fibers

Found in between bones in vertebral column for shock absorption and weight bearing

1 of 4 types of connective tissue

Most specialized -- support, protect internal environment and points of muscle attachment

Mature cell = osteocyte

ECM made of collagen and mineral salts (66%)

Two types -- compact & spongy

Formed of osteons

Lamellae - concentric circles of matrix around a central canal

Lacunae - lakes of fluid encasing mature osteocytes

Haversian canals: lengthwise through osteon; vessels, nerves, lymph

Canaliculi: connects lacunae to each other and central canal

Volkmann Canals: carries vessels from periosteum and between central canals

Not made up of osteons - more prous looking -- thin network of cells and mineralized ECM

Provides extra support in weight bering regions of bone -- distribution of weight

Red bone marrow is found in spongy bone 

Skull

Hyoid

Vertebral Column

Ribs

Sternum

Upper and lower extremities

Pelvic and pectoral girdles

Tubular

Examples: humerus, phalanges

Protective in fuction

Cranium, scapular, ribs, sternum 

Epiphysis: bulbous ends with trabecular/spongy bone, red marrow and is growth plate

Metaphysis: transitional between epiphysis and diaphysis, trabecular/spongy bone, growth plate

Diaphysis: long shaft, made up of compact bone and yellow marrow

Periosteum -- connective tissue covering bone, vessels and nerves serving the bone are here too

Medullary cavity: core of diaphysis

Articular cartilage: on outside of epiphyses

Nutrient vessels pass through shaft of bone through foramina -- deep marrow, spongy in shaft, deep compact bone -- nerves accompany the vessel through foramina and periosteum (sensory fibers in periosteum carry pain -- vasomotor nerves regulate blood flow through the marrow)

Periosteal arteries within the connective tissue - superficial compact bone

Epiphyseal and metaphysial vessels arise from the arteries around the joints

Points of contact between two bones

Most have some range of motion though a few are virtually immobile

1. Fibrous -- immovable

2. Cartilaginous -- slightly movable

3. Synovial -- freely movable

Fibrous Joints - Synarthroses

Two bones held together with fibrous ligaments (like between radius and ulna)

Fibrous Joints - Synarthroses

Only in the skull where flat bones come together and interlock 

Fibrous Joints - Synarthroses

Between the root of a tooth and the jaw bones

Cartilaginous Joints - Amphiarthroses -- Articulating surfaces joined by cartilage

Hyaline based such as ribs and epiphyseal plate 

Cartilaginous Joints - Amphiarthroses - articulating surfaces joined by cartilage

Fibrous cartilage - joint at pubic angle or vertebral disks

Synovial Joints - Diarthroses - freely mobile

Cushions/hyaline based

Synovial Joints - Diarthroses - freely mobile

Extension of periosteums

Synovial Joints - Diarthroses - freely mobile

Permits movement

Synovial Joints - Diarthroses

Lines/lubricates/nourishes

Synovial Joints - Diarthroses - freely mobile

Fibrous bands to hold articulating surfaces together 

Synovial Joints - Diarthroses - freely mobile

Fibrous cartilage in joint cavity 

Synovial Joints - Diarthroses - freely mobile

Cushion protuberances 

Synovial Joints

Permit flexion and extension only

Example -- elbow

Synovial Joint

round process of bone that fits into ligamentous socket -- between C1 and C2 in spine

Allow rotation

Shaped like a saddle (concave and convex)

example: joint between metacarple and trapezium

permit gliding or sliding movement

Acromioclavicular joint 

permit movement in several axis -- flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, medial and lateral rotation, and circumduction

rounded head fits into a concavity

example - hip joint

Blood supply from artciular arteries around joint -- network of communicating vessels (anastomose) around joint ensure continuouis blood supply through a range of motions

Innervation by articular nerves - lots of nerves - major supply from nerve branches feeding adjacent muscles; numerous pain fibers in joint capsule and proprioceptors