Term
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Definition
| A change in kinetic energy that occurs along a path. |
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Term
Transmembrane Potential
vs
Membrane Potential |
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Definition
Transmembrane potential is the charge difference that exists across a membrane.
Whereas
Membrane potential is determined by the relative movement of positive ions across the membrane that results from a chemical concentration gradient and the number of open channels through which the ions can move through the membrane. |
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Term
| 6 Naturopathic Principles (& their latin names) |
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Definition
The Healing Power of Nature
Vis Medicatrix Naturae
Identify and Treat Causes
Tolle Causam
First Do No Harm
Primum Non Nocere
Doctor as Teacher
Docere
Treat The Whole Person
Holism
Prevention
Preventir |
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Term
| 7 steps of the naturopathic therapeutic order |
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Definition
1. Establish the conditions for health
By addressing the Determinants of Health:
Identify and remove disturbing factors (obstacles to cure)
Institute a more healthful regimen
2. Stimulate the Vis Medicatrix Naturae
3. Tonify weakened systems
4. Correct structural integrity
5. Address pathology: Use natural substances
6. Address pathology: Use pharmacologic or synthetic substances
7. Suppress or surgically remove pathology |
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Term
| Sartorius origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: ASIS
I: Medial surface of superior Tibia
Action: Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh at the hip joint & flexes leg at knee joint & laterally rotates knee
Nerve: Femoral
Artery / Vein: Muscular branches of the femoral artery |
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Term
| Tensor Faciae Latae origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: Anterior surface of iliac crest & ASIS
I: Lateral condyle of the tibia via iliotibial tract
Action: Stabilize hip & knee joints
Nerve: Superior gluteal
Artery / Vein: Superior gluteal and lateral circumflex femoral artery |
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Term
| Iliopsoas (psoas minor* + psoas major + ilacus) origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: Psoas major - T12 - L5; iliacus - iliac fossa, iliac crest & ala of sacrum
I: Iliopsoas tendon on lesser trochanter
Action:
- With origin fixed, flexes femur onto the trunk
- With the insertion fixed, flexus trunk onto femur
Nerves: Psoas - lumbar plexus, iliacus - femoral
Artery / Vein: Iliac branch of the iliolumbar artery.
* Psoas minor may be absent. |
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Term
| Pectineus origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: Pectineal line of the pubic bone & superior ramus
I: Pectineal line of femur
Action: Flexes thigh at the hip & adducts the hip
Nerve: Femoral & sometimes obturator
Artery / Vein: Medial circumflex femoral branch of femoral artery and obturator artery |
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Term
| Rectus Femoris origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: Straight head - ASIS, reflected head - groove superior to acetabulum
I: Patella & tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Action: Flexes thigh at hip & extends leg at the knee
Nerve: Femoral (L2, L3, L4)
Artery / Vein: ascending branch of LFCA |
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Term
| Vastus lateralis origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: Posterior Aspect of the femur, base of the greater trochanter
I: Mostly into the lateral patella, and the tendon of the rectus femoris to form the quadriceps tendon. Patella ligament inserts into the tibial tuberosity
Action: Extension of the leg at the knee
Nerve: Femoral (L2, 3, and 4)
Artery / Vein:descending and transverse branches of lateral femoral circumflex artery |
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Term
| Vastus Medialis origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: Intertrochanteric line, linea aspera & medial supracondylar line of the femur
I: Quadriceps femoris tendon, patella & tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Action: Extends the leg at the knee
Nerve: Femoral
Artery / Vein: Femoral artery, profunda femoris artery, and superior medial genicular branch of popliteal artery |
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Term
| Vastus Intermedius origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: anterior and lateral femoral shaft & lateral intermuscularseptum
I: Patella & tibia
Action: Extends the leg at the knee
Nerve: Femoral
Artery / Vein: descending branch of LFCA |
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Term
| Adductor Brevis origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: Anterior surface of inferior pubic ramus, inferior to origin of adductor longus
Insertion: Pectineal line and superior part of medial lip of linea aspera
Action: Adducts and flexes the thigh, and helps to laterally rotate the thigh
Innervation: Anterior or posterior division of obturator nerve (L4, L2, L3)
Blood Supply: Obturator artery and medial circumflex femoral artery |
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Term
| Adductor Longus origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O:Anterior surface of body of pubis, just lateral to pubic symphysis
Insertion:Middle third of linea aspera, between the more medial adductor magnus and brevis insertions and the more lateral origin of the vastus medialis
Action:Adducts and flexes the thigh, and helps to laterally rotate the hip joint
Innervation:Anterior division of obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)
Blood Supply:Obturator artery and medial circumflex femoral artery |
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Term
| Adductor Magnus origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: Inferior pubic ramus, ischial ramus, and inferolateral area of ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity of femur, medial lip of linea aspera, medial supracondylar ridge, and adductor tubercle
Action: Powerful thigh adductor; superior horizontal fibers also help flex the thigh, while vertical fibers help extend the thigh
Innervation: Posterior division of obturator nerve innervates most of the adductor magnus; vertical or hamstring portion innervated by tibial nerve (L2, L3, L4)
Blood Supply: Medial circumflex femoral artery, inferior gluteal artery, 1st - 4th perforating arteries, obturator artery, and some superior muscular branches of popliteal artery |
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Term
| Gluteus Maximus origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: Ilium, sacrum, coccyx
I: Illiotibial tract &Femur
Action: Thigh extension, lateral rotation at hip, abduction and adduction
Innervation: Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, and S2)
Blood Supply: Inferior and superior gluteal arteries and the first perforating branch of the profunda femoris artery |
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Term
| Gluteus medius & gluteus minimus origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: External Ilium
I: Greater Trochanter of the Femur
Action: Abducts & medially rotates thigh
Innervation: Superior Gluteal Nerve (L5, S1)
Blood Supply: Superior gluteal artery |
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Term
| ACL attachments function nerve and artery |
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Definition
Superior Attachment: Lateral wall of the intercondylar notch at its posterior aspect
Inferior Attachment: Oval shaped area, anterior aspect of the tibial plateau between the tibial eminences.
Blood supply: Middle genicular artery which arises from popliteal A. The inferior medial and lateral genicular A also vascularize the ACL via the fat pad.
Innervation: Posterior articular nerve (a branch of the tibial nerve) Normal ACL has proprioceptive senses that help protect the knee joint during use which are lost after reconstruction.
Primary restraint to anterior tibial translation (90%); Secondary restraint to tibial rotation; Minor secondary restraint to varus-valgus angulation at full extension. |
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Term
| PCL attachments function nerve and artery |
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Definition
Superior Attachment: Broad crescent-shaped area on the anterolateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle
Inferior Attachment: Posterior tibia, below the articular surface.
Blood Supply: Middle genicular artery which arises from popliteal A. The inferior medial and lateral genicular A also vascularize the PCL via the fat pad.
PCL is responsible for 95% of total restraint to posterior translation of the tibia. Secondary restraint to tibial external rotation. In the PCL deficient knee posterior tibial translation is greatest at high flexion angles and is increased with sectioning of the posterolateral corner, MCL and posteromedial structures. |
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Term
| LCL attachments function nerve and artery |
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Definition
Superior Attachment: posterior (4.6 mm) and proximal (1.3 mm) to the lateral femoral epicondyle posterior and superior to the insertion of the poplitieus
Inferior Attachment: posterior (8.1 mm) to the anterior point of the head of the fibula. Tight in extension, lax in flexion.
Primary restraint to varus stress of the knee. Resists tibial external rotation. Section the LCL increases external rotation at 30°. External rotation of the tibia is highest after sectioning the LCL and PCL with the knee at 90° flexion |
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Term
| MCL attachments function nerve and artery |
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Definition
Composed of superficial and deep fibers
Superior Attachment: Superficial MCL=medial femoral epicondyle
Inferior Attachment: Superficial MCL=periorsteum of proximal tibia, deep to the pes anserinus.
Primary restraint to valgus instability. |
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Term
| Gastrocnemius origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O:
-lateral head: lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur
- medial head: popliteal surface of femur, superior to medial condyle
I: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Action: Plantar Flexion when knee is extended
Innervation: tibial nerve (S1, S2)
Blood Supply: sural artery |
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Term
| Soleus origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: posterior aspect of head of fibula; superior quarter of posterior surface of fibula, soleal line, and medial border of tibia
I: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Action: Main Plantar Flexion
Innervation: tibial nerve (S1, S2)
Blood Supply: sural branches of popliteal a; muscular branches of fibular a; posterior tibial a |
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Term
| Popliteus origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus
I: posterior surface of tibia, superior to soleal line
Action: Weakly flexes knee and unlocks it by rotating femur 5° on fixed tibia; medially rotates tibia of unplanted limb
Innervation: tibial Nerve (L4, L5, S1)
Blood Supply: sural branches of popliteal artery |
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Term
| Gracilis origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: body and inferior ramus of pubis
I: superior part of medial surface of tibia (via pes anserinus)
Action: adducts thigh
Innervation: Obturator Nerve (L2, L3, L4)
Blood Supply: Obturator artery |
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Term
| Superior Gemellus origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: Ischial spine
I: Medial surface of the greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of femur
Action: Laterally rotates extended thigh; abducts flexed thigh
Innervation: nerve to obturator internus
Blood Supply: Inferior gluteal artery |
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Term
| Inferior Gemellus origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: Ischial tuberosity
I: Medial surface of the greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of femur
Action: Laterally rotates extended thigh; abducts flexed thigh
Innervation: Nerve to quadratus femoris
Blood Supply: inferior gluteal artery |
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Term
|
Definition
Piriformis
Sup/Inf Gemellus
Obturator Int/Ext
Quadratus Femoris |
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Term
| Fibularis Longus origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: Head and superior two thirds of lateral surface of fibula
I: base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform
Action: everts foot and weakly plantarflexes ankle
Innervation: Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)
Blood Supply: muscular branches of fibular (peroneal) artery |
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Term
Plantaris origin insertion action nerve and artery
(not everyone has one!) |
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Definition
O: inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of femur; oblique popliteal ligament
I: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Action: weakly assists gastrocnemius in plantarflexing ankle
Innervation: tibial nerve (S1, S2)
Blood Supply: sural branches of popliteal a; muscular branches of fibular a; posterior tibial a |
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Term
| Tibialis Anterior origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: lateral condyle and superior half of lateral surface of tibia and interosseous membrane
I: medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
Action: dorsiflexes ankle and inverts foot
Innervation: deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)
Blood Supply: anterior tibial |
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Term
| Tibialis Posterior origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: interosseous membrane; posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line; posterior surface of fibula
I: tuberosity of navicular, cuneiform, and cuboid; bases of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsals
Action: plantarflexes ankle; inverts foot
Innervation: tibial nerve (L4, L5)
Blood Supply: Fibular artery & posterior tibial artery |
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Term
| Extensor Digitorum Longus origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: lateral condyle of tibia and superior three quarters of medial surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
I: middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits
Action: extends lateral four digits and dorsiflexes ankle
Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)
Blood Supply: Anterior tibial artery |
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Term
| Extensor Hallucis Longus origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: middle part of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
I: dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe
Action: extends great toe and dorsiflexes
Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)
Blood Supply: Anterior Tibial artery |
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Term
| Fibularis Brevis origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: inferior two thirds of lateral surface of fibula
I: dorsal surface of tuberosity on lateral side of base of 5th metatarsal
Action: everts foot and weakly plantaflexes ankle
Innervation: Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)
Blood Supply: Muscular branches of fibular (peroneal) artery |
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Term
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius longus origin insertion action nerve and artery
(not everyone has one!) |
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Definition
O: inferior third of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
I: dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal
Action: dorsiflexes ankle and aids in eversion of foot
Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)
Blood Supply: Anterior Tibial artery |
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Term
| Extensor Hallucis Brevis origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: calcaneus (floor of tarsal sinus); interosseous talocalcaneal ligament; stem of inferior extensor retinaculum
I: dorsal aspect of base of proximal phalanx of great toe
Action: aids the extensor
hallucis longus in extending the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint
Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)
Blood Supply: Dorsalis Pedis artery |
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Term
| Extensor Digitorum Brevis origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: calcaneus (floor of tarsal sinus); interosseous talocalcaneal ligament; stem of inferior extensor retinaculum
I: proximal portion of medial toes (digits 2-5)
Action: aids the extensor digitorum longus in extending the four medial toes at the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints
Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)
Blood Supply: Dorsalis Pedis artery |
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Term
| Abductor Digiti Minimi origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: medial and lateral tubercles of tuberosity of calcaneus; plantar aponeurosis; intermuscular septa
I: lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
Action: abducts and flexes 5th digit
Innervation: Lateral Plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Blood Supply: Lateral Plantar artery |
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Term
| Quadratus Plantae origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: medial surface and lateral margin of plantar surface of calcaneus
I: posterolateral margin of tendons of flexor digitorum longus
Action: assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral four digits
Innervation: Lateral Plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Blood Supply: Lateral Plantar artery |
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Term
| plantar interossei (3) origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: bases and medial sides of the bodies of the third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal bones
I: the medial sides of the bases of the first phalanges of the same toes
Action: adduct digits 3-5 and flex metatarsophalangeal joints
Innervation: lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Blood Supply: Lateral PLantar Arch artery |
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Term
| dorsal interossei (4) origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: adjacent sides of metatarsals 1-5
I: 1st: medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit; 2nd-4th: lateral sides of 2nd-4th digits
Action: Abduct digits 2-4 and flex metatarsophalangeal joints
Innervation: lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Blood Supply: Lateral Plantar Arch artery |
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Term
| Idenify the structures responsible for the stability of the knee joint (9) |
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Definition
popliteal ligaments posteriorly
medial and lateral collateral ligaments
PCL/ ACL
patellar ligament
gastrocnemius
popliteus
oblique popliteal ligament |
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Term
| Origin and process (2) of the femoral nerve |
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Definition
| Originates from Lumbar Plexus and splits into anterior cutaneous branches, and saphenous (infrapatellar medial crural cutaneous) |
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Term
| Obturator Externus origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: margins of obturator foramen and obturator membrane
I: trochanteric fossa of femur
Action: laterally rotates thigh
Innervation: Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)
Blood Supply: Obturator artery |
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Term
| Obturator Internus origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: Pelvic surface of the obturator membrane and surrounding bones
I: Medial surface of the greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of femur
Action: Laterally rotates extended thigh; abducts flexed thigh
Innervation: Nerve to quadratus femoris
Blood Supply: Inferior gluteal artery |
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Term
| Quadratus Femoris origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: Lateral border of ischial tuberosity
I: Quadrate tubercle on the intertrochanteric crest of the femur and area inferior to it
Action: Laterally rotates thigh
Innervation: Nerve to quadratus femoris
Blood Supply: Inferior gluteal artery |
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Term
| Flexor Hallucis Brevis origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiforms
I: both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Action: flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Innervation: Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Blood Supply: Medial plantar artery |
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Term
| Flexor Hallucis Longus origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: inferior two thirds of posterior surface of fibula; inferior part of interosseous membrane
I: base of distal phalanx of great toe (hallux)
Action: flexes big toe at all joints; weakly plantarflexes ankle
Innervation: Tibial Nerve (S2, S3)
Blood Supply: Fibular artery; posterior tibial artery |
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Term
| Flexor Digitorum Longus origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: medial part of posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line; by a broad tendon to fibula
I: bases of distal phalanges of lateral four digits
Action: flexes lateral four digits; plantarflexes ankle; supports longitudinal arches of foot
Innervation: Tibial nerve (S2, S3)
Blood Supply: Fibular artery; posterior tibial artery |
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Term
| Flexor Digitorum brevis origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus; plantar aponeurosis; intermuscular septa
I: both sides of middle phalanges of lateral four digits
Action: Flexes lateral four digits
Innervation: medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Blood Supply: Medial plantar artery |
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Term
| Abductor hallucis origin insertion action nerve and artery |
|
Definition
O: medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus; flexor retinaculum; plantar aponeurosis
I: medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Action: Abducts and flexes 1st digit
Innervation: Medial Plantar nerve
Blood Supply: Medial Plantar artery |
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Term
| Hamstring part of adductor magnus origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: Ischial tuberosity
I: Adductor tubercle of femur
Action: Extends thigh
Innervation: Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)
Blood Supply: Medial circumflex femoral artery, inferior gluteal artery, 1st - 4th perforating arteries, obturator artery, and some superior muscular branches of popliteal artery |
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Term
| Piriformis origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: the anterior surface of sacrum
I: the superior border of greater trochanter of the femur
Action: Laterally rotates extended thigh; abducts flexed thigh
Innervation: Branches of anterior rami of S1, S2
Blood Supply: Superior gluteal artery; inferior gluteal artery |
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Term
| Lumbricals (4) origin insertion action nerve and artery |
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Definition
O: tendons of flexor digitorum longus
I: medial aspect of extensor expansions over lateral four digits
Action: flex proximal phalanges, extend middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits
Innervation: medial one: medial plantar nerve (S2, S3); lateral three: lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Blood Supply: 1st: medial plantar artery; 2nd-4th: lateral plantar artery |
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Term
| Nerves that don't split (5) |
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Definition
| Obturator, Superior Gluteal Nerve (Glut med. min.), Inferior Gluteal Nerve (Gluteus maximus), Nerve to Obturator Internus (obt. internus & superior gemellus), Nerve to quadratus femoris (quad. femoris, inferior gemellus) |
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Term
| Full Process of the Sciatic Nerve (which itself innervates...) (6) |
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Definition
Sciatic Nerve Innervates the Posterior Thigh
Splits into:
Tibial Nerve (hamstrings)
-Lateral Plantar Nerve (lateral foot muscles)
-Medial Plantar Nerve (medial foot muscles)
Common Fibular Nerve (Short head of biceps femoris)
-Superficial Fibular Nerve (lateral leg)
-Deep Fibular Nerve (Anterior leg, Dorsum of the Foot) |
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Term
| Common iliac arteries split into |
|
Definition
External Iliac
Internal Iliac |
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Term
| External Iliac Arteries becomes (3) |
|
Definition
Femoral Artery
(Deep Circumflex Iliac Artery)
(Inferior epigastric artery) |
|
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Term
| Internal Iliac Artery Splits Into (4) |
|
Definition
Obturator Artery (Medial Thigh)
Superior Gluteal Artery (All Gluteus Muscles)
Inferior Gluteal Artery ( Gluteus Maximus)
Internal Pudendal Artery (Pelvic Organs) |
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Term
| Deep Femoral Artery Becomes (3) |
|
Definition
Medial Circumflex Artery (Hip Joint)
Perforating Arteries (Posterior Thigh)
Lateral Circumlfex Artery (Hip Joint) |
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Term
| Popliteal Artery Becomes (3) |
|
Definition
Genicular Arteries (Knee)
Anterior Tibial (Anterior Leg)
Posterior Tibial (Posterior Leg) |
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Term
| Anterior Tibial Artery Becomes... |
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Definition
| Dorsal Pedis (Dorsum of Foot) |
|
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Term
| Posterior Tibial Artery Becomes (3) |
|
Definition
Fibular Artery (Lateral Leg)
Lateral Plantar Artery (Lateral Sole of foot)
Medial Plantar Artery (Medial Sole of foot) |
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Term
| The Lateral Plantar Artery and Medial Plantar Artery anastomize to make... |
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Definition
| The Deep Plantar Arch (Sole of the Foot) |
|
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Term
| Dorsal Pedis Artery Splits to Become (3) |
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Definition
All 3 anastomize to make an arch
Lateral Tarsal Artery (Lateral Toes)
Deep Plantar (Sole of foot)
Arcuate Artery |
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Term
| What forms the popliteal vein? (3) |
|
Definition
Small Saphenous
Anterior Tibial
Posterior Tibial |
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Term
| What three veins does the Dorsal Venous Arch become? |
|
Definition
Anterior Tibial Vein
Small Saphenous Vein
Great Saphenous Vein |
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Term
| What four veins combine to become the Femoral Vein? |
|
Definition
Great Saphenous (Medial leg, Cutaneous)
Pudendal Vein (Pelvic Organs)
Deep Femoral Vein (Hip Joint)
Popliteal Vein (Knee) |
|
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Term
| What two veins combine to form the Deep Femoral Vein? |
|
Definition
Medial Circumflex Femoral Vein (Hip Joint)
Lateral Circumflex Femoral Vein (Hip Joint) |
|
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Term
| What four veins combine to form the Internal Iliac Vein? |
|
Definition
Obturator Vein
Superior/Inferior Gluteal Veins
Internal Pudendal Vein (Pelvic Organs) |
|
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Term
| What does the Femoral Vein empty into? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Also known as prepatellar bursitis. |
|
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Term
| What three ligaments surround the head of the femur? |
|
Definition
| Illiofemoral ligament, Ischiofemoral ligament, Pubofemoral ligament |
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|
Term
Transmural pressure
vs
Recoil Force |
|
Definition
Transmural pressure - what the distending pressure is to the volume structure.
vs
Recoil Force - equal in magnitude to transmural pressure, but opposite in direction to the distending pressure. |
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