Term
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Definition
| the lying in state of a corpse |
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Term
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Definition
| a ritual carrying away of a coffin; a funeral procession to a cemetary |
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Definition
| a piece of land cut off and assigned as an official domain, especially to kings and chiefs, or marked as public land and dedicated to a god. |
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Definition
| the main room of a Greek temple where the cult statue was placed |
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Term
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Definition
| the main room of a Greek temple |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| In a Doric frieze a space between two triglyphs, sometimes filled with a block carved with relief sculpture |
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Definition
| In a Doric frieze, an upright grooved block with three vertical bars in relief, conventionally thought to represent the translation into stone of carved carpentry prototypes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an early carved wooden statue of great venearability |
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Term
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Definition
| an independent head, or head and upper members of an animal or human |
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Term
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Definition
| a heavily armed footsoldier |
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Term
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Definition
| a small globular or ovoid flask for holding oil or perfume |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a pouring jug, often with a trefoil mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| side colonnade of a temple |
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Term
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Definition
| a standing male nude figure |
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Term
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Definition
| a standing draped female figure |
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Term
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Definition
| a single-piece garment sleeveless fized at the shoulders with pins and belted |
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Term
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Definition
| a lightweight single-piece farment belted and with buttoned sleve |
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Term
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Definition
| a mantle worn over the chiton or peplos |
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Term
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Definition
| the front porch of a Greek temple |
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Term
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Definition
| the back porch of Greek temple |
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Term
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Definition
| a colonnade surrounding a building or a court |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounded by a row of columns |
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Term
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Definition
| the course of masonry on which columns stand |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the triangular space formed by the gable at either end of a Greek temple |
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Definition
| all-Greek most frequently used to describe either sanctuaries or games |
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Term
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Definition
| a female figure supporting the entablature of a building |
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Term
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Definition
| A tall, normally two-handled vessel used for storage or, when decorated, as a container (of wine) or as a prize in the games. |
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Term
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Definition
| a water jar with three handles |
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Term
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Definition
| a large open vessel used for mixing wine and water |
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Term
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Definition
| an open vessel with a rounded base needing a pedestal used for mixing wine and water. |
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Term
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Definition
| a shallow drinking cup with horizontal handles. |
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Term
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Definition
| a two-handled drinking cup not as deep as a kotyle or kantharos but deeper than a kylix |
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Term
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Definition
| a tall flask with a narrow neck and a single handle used for containing or unguents |
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Term
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Definition
| a small pot with a narrow neck and generally without a foot used for holding oil or perfume |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique for painting pottery that depended on figures in black silhouette, incised detail, and added colour. |
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Term
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Definition
| red-figure painted scene on one side with a black-figure painted scene on the other; usually the same scene is depicted. |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique for painting pottery that was the direct opposite of black-figure. the background was painted black with figures left the colour of the clay. contours and interior details were added with relief lines or dilute slip. |
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Term
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Definition
| a private gathering for drinking and dining and for competition in music singing storytelling sexual allure manners taste and argument |
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Term
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Definition
| a frieze of floral decoration, frequently alternating lotus and palmette |
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Term
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Definition
| a carved ornament used in architecture so called since its continuously alternating shapes resemble eggs and darts. |
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Term
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Definition
| the piece of architecture running above the capitals supporting the superstructure. |
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Term
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Definition
| with columns at the front and back, but not on either flank. |
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Term
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Definition
| the broadened end of a wall often terminating a series, or pair, of columns |
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Term
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Definition
| the market place; the commercial and administrative center of the city |
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Term
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Definition
| the ornament at the corner of the roof of a temple or the apex of the gable |
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Term
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Definition
| the pose of the human figure in which tensed forms are balanced with relaxed forms. |
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Term
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Definition
| the upper, spreading element in a column, forming a transition between the vertical shaft and the horizontal elements of the architrave. |
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Term
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Definition
| the seating in a Greek theater |
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Term
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Definition
| recessed panels in a flat ceiling |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the horizontal course of the entablature of a building immediately above the frieze; either raking (sloping) members of a gable |
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Term
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Definition
| the cigarlike swelling of columns |
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Term
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Definition
| the horizontal architectural members forming the superstructure of a building above the columns: the architrave, frieze, and cornice |
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Term
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Definition
| the level horseshoe shaped space between audience and stage reserved for the chorus in a Greek theatre |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a monumental entrance having more than one doorway to a sanctuary. |
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Term
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Definition
| group of pottery painters in late fourth century that experimented with the red-figure technique |
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Term
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Definition
| a long rectangular colonnaded building familiar in sanctuaries and agoras |
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Term
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Definition
| in the theater the dressing rooms for actors and storage rooms for scenery and props. |
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Term
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Definition
| a vertical slab of stone used as a grave marker and often decorated |
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Term
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Definition
| a plaster made of lime and or sand used to cover the surface of walls to render them smooth |
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Term
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Definition
| a circular building a built tomb circular in plan |
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Term
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Definition
| a house type characterized by an inner courtyard with a veranda or verandas |
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Term
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Definition
| of Hippodamos, an architect and townplanner of the fifth century BC |
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Term
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Definition
| the square-shaped flat slab forming the top of a column capital |
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Term
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Definition
| a training and exercise ground for boxing and wrestling etc. smaller than a gymnasium |
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Term
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Definition
| a chest often used as a coffin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a god introduced into a play to resolve the entanglements of the plot.
any artificial or improbable device resolving the difficulties of a plot. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a raised platform in front of the skene, on which the actors perform. |
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Term
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Definition
| an antechamber or vestibule |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of squared blocks of stone for construction |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of randomly shaped pieces of stone in the facing of concrete walls |
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Term
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Definition
| diamond-shaped stones or small bricks set so that the facing looks like netting |
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Term
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Definition
| the central room of a traditional Roman house |
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Term
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Definition
| a small pool that catches the rain coming through an opening in the roof in the middle of the atrium in a Roman house |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the name for a north-south street in the rectangular grid system of Roman town planning. |
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Term
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Definition
| an east-west street on the rectangular grid system of Roman town planning |
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Term
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Definition
| Latin for camp. Used for the rectangular ground plan of Roman colonial settlements that followed a similar layout. |
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Term
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Definition
| the public open space in a Roman city or town, originally used as a market; the center of political and administrative activities |
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Term
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Definition
| the main temple for civic worship in Roman colonies. |
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Term
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Definition
| a semicircular space, usually at the end of a hall or basilica |
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Term
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Definition
| the conventional name for halls built to accommodate a crowd of people for civic and administrative purposes |
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Term
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Definition
| squared blocks of building stone |
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Term
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Definition
| a single family townhouse |
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Term
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Definition
| a large curving space set back in a wall or colonnade. |
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Term
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Definition
| the prows of captured ships set up in the Roman forum and used as a pulpit for public speeches |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic formal outer garment for Roman men. it was semicircular piece of woolen cloth about five yards long that was draped over one shoulder and hung down to the feet |
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Term
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Definition
| the triangular space between the springing and center of an arch. usually occupied by a Victory |
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Term
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Definition
| the architectural recognition begun in the time of Augustus that a victorious general had been voted a Triumph by the senate, on account of the number of enemy soldiers killed and the amount of booty captured. |
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Term
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Definition
| the upper portion of a triumphal arch |
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Term
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Definition
| the stage building of a Roman Theater |
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Term
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Definition
| the occasion when someone becomes a god or goddess after death. Typically represented as the person being carried up to heaven |
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Term
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Definition
| the specific individual quality of a person or place, or group, personified |
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Term
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Definition
| a decree of the senate condemning someone's behavior and ordering that all images of him and documentary references be destroyed or erased |
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Term
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Definition
| formal speech, given by the emperor to his troops, sometimes for traditional senate with one arm raised associated with such a speech |
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Term
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Definition
| a multiple dwelling in a Roman town, usually encompassing a whole block |
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of 12 canes bound up together around an axe, carried by attendants of the chief magistrates indicating their powers of corporal and capital punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| Roman officers who accompanied official magistrates and who carried the fasces as a symbol of their power |
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Term
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Definition
| technique of wall painting in which the pigment is applied to wet plaster and is absorbed into it |
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Term
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Definition
| plaster used on walls or ceilings |
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Term
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Definition
| a squarish piece of stone or glass used to create a mosaic |
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Term
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Definition
| the round opening in a dome to let in light |
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Term
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Definition
| soft stone composed of compacted volcanic ash |
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Term
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Definition
| a light-coloured limestone that is commonly used for building in the region around Rome |
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Term
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Definition
| a small pedimented pavilion forming part of a facade |
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Term
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Definition
| a pool for swimming used in the grandest imperial baths |
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Term
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Definition
| the hot room of a Roman bath |
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Term
|
Definition
| the warm room of a Roman bath |
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Term
|
Definition
| the cold room of a Roman bath |
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Term
|
Definition
| a painting technique where heated wax is used as a colouring and sealing medium |
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Term
|
Definition
| the intersection of two barrel vaults of the same height |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of light and shadows to create the illusion of shape and volume in painting and sculpture |
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Term
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Definition
| Artist: Hirschfeld Painter
Medium: Ceramic
Orignal Site: Dipylon Cemetery, Athens
Work Types: Ceramics
Period: Greek Geometric Date 750 B.C.E. Late Geometric
Shows a funeral procession of a dead man laid out on a bier. The public event is meant to celebrate the deceased and his family. Accentuating his capacity as a warrior with accouterments that belong to a heroic past, attempting to show his service to the state and his aristocratic heritage.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| From: Dipylon cemetery, Athens
Artist: Dipylon Painter
Medium: Ceramic
Period Greek Geometric Date c.760 B.C.E.
Scene shows woman being laid out for burial with mourners. Full Geometric no space is left undecorated.
Amphoras are common for female burials as indicated by the deceased represented as a female.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| Protocorinthian olpe
Medium ceramic
Curent Site Villa Giulia Museum
Period: Greek Orientalizing Date c.650 B.C.E.
The center scene depicts Hoplites fighting Hoplites giving us a glimpse of military history showing the beginning of the drilled foot soldiers over cavalry.
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
| Title Olpe with Animal frieze, Corinth Medium ceramic
Period Greek Orientalizing
Date ca. 630 B.C.E. Late Proto-Corinthian animal style
Black-figure technique was used in Corinth almost a century earlier than Athens. The Proto-Corinthian style used animals over humans and used rosettes as fillers. The radiating bottom design is common for Proto-Corinthian pottery design.
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
| Title Macmillan Aryballos
Artist Macmillan Painter
Period Greek Orientalizing Date c. 650 B.C.E. Middle Proto-Corinthian
This is one of the few designs in Proto-Corinthian that has human figures as opposed to animal. The pot itself however is made of a lions head. The scene depicted has five registers that are drawn on one plain with no thought to perspective.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| Title "Eleusis amphora",
Artist Polyphemos Painter
Medium ceramic
Period Greek Orientalizing Date c. 650 B.C.E. Attic, Proto-Attic
This pot shows the increasing interest in mythology in Athens. It depicts the scene of Perseus making off with the decapitated head of a Medusa. And also the scene of Polyphemos being blinded by Odysseus. In this scene there is a squeezing together of events to represent the entire story whereas the Medusa scene takes a specific point in the story to represent the whole story.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| Title Neck amphora, Dipylon Cemetery, Athens
Artist Nessos Painter
Medium Attic black-figure technique Orignal Site Dipylon Cemetery, Athens Work Types Ceramics
Period Greek Orientalizing Date c. 620 B.C.E. to 610 B.C.E. Attic, Proto-Attic
Evidence of the black-figure technique being employed in Athens. Fillers are no negligable. This pot should be seen as the transition from the ProtoAttic tradition to the Attic black-figure tradition.
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
| Title Dinos
Wedding of Peleus and Thetis
Artist Sophilos
Medium Attic black-figure vase painting ceramic
Period Greek Archaic Date c. 580 B.C.E.
Shows the typical style of the time – animal friezes tightly packed small figures with palmettes and floral fillers, often mythological scenes. Mythological scenes have not fully dominated the pot yet.
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
| Title Francois Vase
Volute krater Artist Kleitias & Ergotimos
Medium Attic black-figure vase painting Ceramic
Period Greek Archaic Date c. 570 B.C.E.
Boat comes in top register. Centaurs and Lapiths fight below. Procession of Peleus and Thetis wedding middle frieze. Zeus and Hera await arrival below. Wedding procession only scene that travels all the way around. Animals and florals are now regulated to unimportant areas of the pot.
[image] |
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Term
| Belly Amphora, Ajax and Achilles |
|
Definition
| Title Belly amphora,
Ajax and Achilles
Artist Exekias
Medium Attic black-figure vase-painting Ceramics
Period Greek Archaic Date c. 540 B.C.E.
The representation of emotional states seen in a lighter vein in the Amasis Painter are taken seriously by Exekias. The scene implies the narrative and its emotion. The warriors play their game armed with spears and shields ready. The scene is full of foreboding ominous with pent up rage about to be released.
[image] |
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Term
| Belly Amphora, Suicide of Ajax |
|
Definition
| Title Belly amphora,
Suicide of Ajax Artist Exekias
Medium Attic black-figure vase-painting
Period Greek Archaic Date c. 540 B.C.E.
Exekias was a master of emotional states. The dropping tree, the helmet and face of medusa staring down on him as he prepares to kill himself.
[image] |
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Term
| Neck Amphora, Achilles and Penthesileia |
|
Definition
| Title Neck amphora,
Achilles and Penthesileia
Artist Exekias
Medium Attic black-figure vase-painting Ceramics
Period Greek Archaic Date c. 540 B.C.E.
Emotional intensity of Achilles and Penthesilea as their eyes lock on each other at the moment of her death.
[image] |
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|
Term
| Belly Amphora, Herakles and the Cretan Bull |
|
Definition
| Title Belly Amphora (bilingual vase),
Herakles and the Cretan Bull
Artist Andokides Painter
Medium Attic red-figure vase painting Ceramic
Period Greek Archaic Date c. 520 B.C.E.
He is credited with having invented red-figure. Demonstrated their versatility by decorating in both techniques on the same pot.
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
| Title Belly Amphora (The Pioneers),
Revelers
Artist Euthymides
Medium Red-figure vase painting Ceramics
Period Greek Late Archaic Date c. 510 B.C.E.
Was a member of the Pioneers. Attempted to render various poses and gestures. They issued challenges to each other to depict even more difficult scenes.
[image] |
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|
Term
| Neck Amphora, The Reveler |
|
Definition
| Title Neck Amphora
Reveler
Artist Berlin Painter
Period Greek Late Archaic Date c. 490 B.C.E.
The Berlin painter liked to paint elegant single figures or small groups on groundlines against a dark background that made them appear spotlighted. He explored space, expressions of mood, and the body in motion.
[image] |
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Term
| Calyx Krater, Artemis and Apollo slay Niobids |
|
Definition
| Title Attic red-figured calyx krater, Artemis and Apollo slay Niobids (children of Niobe),
Artist Niobid Painter
Period Greek Early Classical Date c. 460 B.C.E.
Attempted to portray space and depth in a new way. Distributed his figures over the surface in various postures and on various wavy groundlines. No reduction in size that are in the distance, all remain on the unbroken surface of the vase.
[image] |
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Term
| White-ground Attic Lekythos, Youth seated on Tomb |
|
Definition
Title White-ground Attic lekythos, large, Youth seated on Tomb,
Medium Ceramics
Period Greek High Classical Date 410 B.C.E. to 400 B.C.E.
Broken contours suggest mass may have been learned from wall painting. Polychrome may represent style of contemporary monumental murals and panels. |
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|
Term
| Belly Amphora, Achilles and Briseis |
|
Definition
| Title Achilles and Briseis, belly aphora, Vatican (vase name),
Artist Achilles Painter
Medium Attic red-figure Ceramic
Period Greek High Classical Date c. 440 B.C.E.
demand for red figure slowly declined. Accurate representation of anatomy. Contrapposto pose. Deep folds of drapery match Parthenon. Mood close to ideal calm of Parthenon.
[image] |
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|
Term
| Statuette from Dipylon Athens |
|
Definition
| Title Statuette from Dipylon, Athens,
Medium Sculpted Ivory
Period Greek Geometric Date 735 B.C.E.
Ivory female figurine from the Kerameikos (c. 730BC),
Oriental influence in nudity and ivory, looks like Astarte
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
| Building Sanctuary of Hera, (with Hekatompedos Ia), Samos,
Location Sámos, Greece
Work Types Architecture
Period Greek Geometric Date c. 700 B.C.E.
[image] |
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Term
| Sanctuary of Hera II, Samos |
|
Definition
Building Sanctuary of Hera II, Samos, (with Hekatompedos II),
Location Sámos, Greece
Work Types Architecture
Period Greek Orientalizing Date c. 650 B.C.E.
Single elongated space, no front or back porch, double row of six columns on the facade. |
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Term
| Temple of Apollo, Thermon |
|
Definition
| Building Thermon, Temple of Apollo (C) Material Mud-brick on stone sockle Location Greece
Work Types Architecture
Period Greek Orientalizing Date c. 630 B.C.E.
Most complete example of transition of material on Mainland. peristyle of columns, 5 on facade, fifteen on flanks, surrounded a cella with no porch at front by one at back. interior row of columns to support roof.
[image] |
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Term
| Temple of Apollo, Thermon |
|
Definition
Building Thermon, Temple of Apollo (C) Material Mud-brick on stone sockle Location Greece
Work Types Architecture
Period Greek Orientalizing Date c. 630 B.C.E.
Marks transition on mainland Greece from wood to stone. Interior row of columns to support roof. No front porch. Metopes show mythological scenes. |
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Term
| Temple of Apollo, Corinth |
|
Definition
| Building Corinth, Temple of Apollo,
Period Greek Archaic
Date c. 560 B.C.E.
6 X 15. columned porch and opisthodomos. Earliest example of the curvature of the stylobate.
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
Title Dreros Sphyrelaton
six pieces
Medium Bronze hammered on a wooden core Work Types Sculptures Statuette
Period Greek Orientalizing Date c. 700 B.C.E
first glimmerings of Greek sculptural inventions after the Dark Ages. Votive offerings celebrating victory = warrior. |
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Term
|
Definition
Title Auxerre Lady
Medium Sculpted Limestone
Work Types Sculptures
Period Greek Orientalizing Date ca. 640 B.C.E. Daedalic style
Typifies the Daedalic style and is a translation of the mold-made terracottas into stone. |
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Term
|
Definition
Title Nikandre's dedication
Medium Naxian marble
Work Types Sculptures
Period Greek Orientalizing Date c. 640 B.C.E. Daedalic style
Diminutive scale of Daedalic left behind. Unclear what her purpose was. Did she represent deceased? goddess? |
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Term
| Temple of Hera (II), Olympia |
|
Definition
Building Olympia, Temple of Hera (II)
Location Greece
Architecture
Period Greek Archaic Date c. 590 B.C.E. to 580 B.C.E.
End of transition of elementary materials to stone. 6X16 columns. No longer obstruct view of statue. Columns gradually replaced by stone. |
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Term
| Temple of Artemis, Corcyra |
|
Definition
| Building Corcyra, Temple of Artemis,
Period Greek Archaic
Date c. 590 B.C.E. to 580 B.C.E.
Pediment: Central Gorgan figure, flanked by Pegasus and Chrysaor the children born at the moment of her death. Flanked by two enormous felines. Zeus attacks a giant on one side and a seated figure back by a city wall stretches out an imploring hand.
8 columns on facade 17 on flanks. Columned porch, cella, and back chamber.
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
| Building Sanctuary of Hera, Samos,
sponsored by Polykrates
Work Types Architecture
Architects: Rhoikos and Theodoros
Period Greek Archaic Date c. 560 BC
One of the earliest indisputably Ionic temples. Gigantic proportions. 8 columns at front, 21 on flanks, ten at the back.
[image] |
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Term
| Sanctuary of Apollo, Didyma (first construction) |
|
Definition
| Building Sanctuary of Apollo, Didyma,
Period Greek Archaic Date c. 550 B.C.E.
(Temple within a temple)
Later rebuilt in 330 BC on even more enormous proportions
[image] |
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Term
| Siphnian Treasury, Delphi |
|
Definition
| Building Siphnian Treasury, Delphi
Period Greek Archaic Date 530 BC
Continuous Ionic freize. Each side has different story. East pediment: Zeus arbitrates between Heracles and Apollo for the Delphic tripod. Freize beneath shows seated gods and battle of Troy. North Frieze gigantomachy. Dazzling building when painted and adorned with metal
2 Caryatids at front.
[image] |
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Term
| Treasury of the Athenians, Delphi |
|
Definition
| Building Delphi, Treasury of the Athenians (Doric order)
Period Greek Late Archaic Date c. 490 B.C.E. to 480 B.C.E.
Scenes depicted exploits of Heracles at back and north sides and Theseus, hero of the new democracy at south side. Amazonomachy at front. Metopes now show cycles of events rather than isolated incidents.
[image] |
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|
Term
Temple of Hera I, Poseidonia
"Basilica" |
|
Definition
| Building Poseidonia / Paestum (Italy), Temple of Hera I, "Basilica"
Material Limestone
Period Greek Archaic Date c. 560 B.C.E.
Temple bisected by the line of the axial colonnade of the cella, housed two statues? Doric entasis, but with anthemion. Unusual structure in decoration mixing Ionic decoration in a Doric building and bisecting the building – shows regional flavour/flare.
[image] |
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Term
| Tomb of the Diver, Poseidonia |
|
Definition
| Title Tomb of the Diver, Paestum (Poseidonia),
Lid: Diver, Sides: symposion,
Medium Painted stucco on travertine
Period Greek Early Classical Date c. 480 B.C.E.
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
| Title New York kouros
Kouroi: Attic
Medium Sculpture Marble
Period Greek Archaic Date c. 600 B.C.E.
Patterned and symmetrical anatomy. Large eyes and head. Frontal stance with arms to side and one leg advanced.
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
| Title Sounion kouros,
Kouroi: Attic
Medium Sculpture Marble
Period Greek Archaic Date c. 580 B.C.E.
Patterned and symmetrical anatomy. Large eyes and head. Frontal stance with arms to side and one leg advanced.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| Title Anavyssos kouros, front
Kouroi: Attic Medium Sculpture Marble
Period Greek Archaic Date c. 530 B.C.E.
More naturalistic proportions and supple contours. Penetrated to a greater depth for more three-dimensionality. Archaic smile appears - attempt to portray vitality. Posture, gesture, hair symmetry, and patternized anatomy have not changed.
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Term
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Definition
| Title Aristodikos' kouros, front
Kouroi: Attic Medium Sculpted Marble
Period Greek Archaic Date c. 500 B.C.E.
More naturalistic, still patterned hair. Bone, sinew, knee and shin appear more realistic. Arms moving away from flanks.
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Term
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Definition
| Title Geneleos' Group, from South of Sacred Way, Sanctuary of Hera, Samos,
Dedication, Phillipe (left) & Ornithe (right) Artist Geneleos
Medium Votive marble sculpture on limestone base
Period Greek Archaic Date c. 560 B.C.E. to 550 B.C.E. East Greek Style
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Term
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Definition
| Title Berlin kore, front ('Berlin Goddess')
Female statue with polos and pomegranate Medium Marble
Period Greek Archaic Date c. 570 B.C.E. to 560 B.C.E.
Frontal stance, large facial features, hands and feet.
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Term
|
Definition
| Title Peplos kore,
Korai: Attic Medium Sculpture
Period Greek Archaic Date c. 530 B.C.E.
Frontality has subtle asymmetries of slightly turned head and barely advanced foot and shoulder.
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Term
|
Definition
Title Kouroi,
Medium Marble
Period Greek Archaic Date 520 BC
Complex patterns of coiffure, grouped folds of the chiton, and weighter textured himation folds contrast with the somber expression. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Building Aegina, Temple of Aphaia:
Period Greek Archaic Date c. 500 B.C.E.
Culmination of Doric order! 6X13 ideal Classical proportions and mixed Ionic and Doric columns. Columns align with triglyphs extending the upward thrust of building. Slender proportions. Lean inward slightly. Angle contraction.
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Term
|
Definition
| Building Temple of Zeus, Olympia
Architect Libon
Period Greek Early Classical Date c. 470 B.C.E. to 458 B.C.E.
pure Doric style.temple stood on a three step stylobate with a masonry ramp leading up to the center of the east facade. There were six columns on each facade and thirty-four in the entire colonnade.
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Term
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Definition
| Title Youth: The Kritios Boy
Artist Kritios
Medium Marble
Period Greek Early Classical Date 480 B.C.E. to 470 B.C.E.
Last of the archaic kouroi and first of the new figures in which organic movement of the body is explored
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Term
|
Definition
| Title Delphic Charioteer,
Medium Sculpture bronze with inlay
Period Greek Early Classical Date c. 478 B.C.E. to 474 B.C.E.
no free leg like is the new style. But folds bunched where straps and belt are – new. Also his tension of the arms and open mouth breathes life into sculpture. Aftermath or anticipation in the west is most often portrayed rather than heat of action.
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Term
|
Definition
| Title Roman marble copy of Greek bronze original, Diskobolos by Myron
Artist Diskobolos of Myron
Medium Sculpture Marble
Period Greek Early Classical Date c. 450 B.C.E.
Marks transition of early Classical to High Classical – exploring anatomy and movement while keeping expression and emotion neutral.
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Term
|
Definition
| Title Artemision Zeus, or Poseidon, found from the sea near Cape Artemision.
Medium Sculpture bronze with inlay
Period Greek Early Classical Date c. 460 B.C.E. to 450 B.C.E.
flowing bangs explore plastic movement. Arms are too long and torso yields no forward movement as it should with weight being on front leg. Broad distribution of this style. Expression calm and resolute.
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Term
|
Definition
| Title Riace Bronzes A & B, Warriors
Medium Sculpture Hollow-cast bronze
Period Greek Early Classical Date c. 460 B.C.E. to 450 B.C.E.
Advances of understanding of body in action. Severe style stance of weight leg/free leg – Stand on the threshold of High Classical.
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Term
|
Definition
| Building Parthenon (Athens, Acropolis), Temple of Athena Parthenos,
Architect Iktinos and Kallikrates
Period Greek High Classical Date c. 447 B.C.E. to 438 B.C.E.
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Term
|
Definition
Building Hephaisteion / Temple of Hephaistos (Athens, Agora),
Period Greek High Classical Date c. 450 B.C.E. to 415 B.C.E.
Elevation conventional Doric. More slender and high entablature. Continuous Ionic frieze over the porches – east – combat witnessed by the gods. Battle between Lapiths and centaurs. Bronze statues of Hephaistos made by Alkamenes – made in 421 – 415 BC |
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Term
|
Definition
| Building Temple of Athena Nike (Athens, Acropolis),
Architect Kallikrates
Period Greek High Classical Date c. 427 B.C.E.
Uses Ionic order to contrast with Doric gateway. 4 columns front and back, cella almost square. Elevation Ionic bases and volute capitals for columns with continuous Ionic frieze above architrave. East frieze – congegration of divinities. South frieze – Greeks fighting Persians. Billowing drapery, awkward poses, elongated figures anticipate developments of next century.
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Term
|
Definition
| Building Erechtheion (Athens, Acropolis),
Period Greek High Classical Date c. 430 B.C.E. to 406 B.C.E.
Ionic Temple, unusual plan. Incorporated several old cults, housed old statue of Athena. 6 female caryatids on south side. Anthemion collar all the way along the top of the north and south walls, as well as the columns of the east façade. Slender proportions of columns. Caryatids stand with weight leg lost in folds with free leg pushing forward.
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Term
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Definition
| Building Propylaia (Athens, Acropolis), Doric order with Ionic, Facade,
Architect Mnesikles
Period Greek High Classical Date c. 437 B.C.E. to 432 B.C.E.
New entrance supposed to be more imposing and more welcoming. Split-level gateway with Doric columns on the exterior and Ionic columns either side of the main passage on the interior. Flanking unit on northwest – “Pinakotheke” (Picture Gallery) three columns in antis on the façade. Unit to the south smaller no room. 6 columns at back show metopes blank.
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Term
|
Definition
| Building Agora, northwest corner,
Poikile Stoa (Painted Stoa)
Period Greek Early Classical Date c. 470 B.C.E. to 460 B.C.E.
Long structure, colonnade of Doric columns exterior, interior Ionic – one of the earliest episodes of order mixing in Athens. Painted wooden panels decoration. Battle of Marathon depicted – Polygnotos of Thasos. Master painter Mikon.
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Term
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Definition
| Building Tholos, Athens, Agora, "Prytanikon",
Period Greek High Classical Date c. 460 B.C.E.
Roof supported by six columns. Place where the fifty council members of the boule met – also where they dined.
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Term
|
Definition
| Title Doryphoros, Roman marble copy of bronze original,
Artist Polykleitos
Medium Sculpture Marble
Period Greek High Classical Date c. 440 B.C.E.
Contrapposto – balance of tension and relaxation. Is he standing or walking? Wrote the kanon this is supposed to be example of his theory. Expression tranquil – High Classical. Greater portrayal of human form while keeping with the ideal.
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Term
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Definition
| Title Diadoumenos, Roman marble copy of bronze original,
Artist Polykleitos
Medium Sculpture Marble
Period Greek High Classical Date c. 430 B.C.E.
More aggressive turn of the head and more plastic treatment of the hair may suggest later date than Doryphoros.
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Term
|
Definition
| Title Nike,
Artistis: Paionios of Mende, at Sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia,
Medium Sculpture
Period Greek High Classical Date c. 420 B.C.E.
Shown at moment of touching down drapery forced against body and billowing outwards increases sense of forward motion. Stylistically midway between sculptures of Parthenon and wet extravagance of the Nike balustrade.
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Term
|
Definition
| Title Cat Stele
Medium Marble Sculptural Relief
Period Greek High Classical Date 420 B.C.E. to 410 B.C.E.
Figures more deeply carved – round. Drapery cut deeper like Parthenon calm expression of High Classical. Grave stela show dead person but usually general representations only individualized by inscriptions.
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Term
|
Definition
| Title Grave stele of Hegeso
Medium Marble
Sculptures Relief
Period Greek Fourth Century Date c. 400 B.C.E.
Architectural format. Receeding planes and three quarter views done with ease. Garments transparent like High Classical. Faces emotionally inexpressive – High Classical.
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Term
| The Dark Age and Geometric Greece |
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Definition
1100-700 BC
Dark Age - writing disappeared, knowledge of craftmanship lost. Depopulation, impoverishment, and solitude that lasted 200 years.
Protogeometric - ornamental designs with concentric semicircles, checkerboards, crosshatched triangles, emphasize the form of the pottery.
Full Geometric - developed after 900 BC. Requirement to paint the whole surface, leaving some zones dark to set off the geometric friezes.
During this period settlements were established overseas |
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Term
|
Definition
| Architect Iktinos,
Material Limestone
Period Greek High Classical Date c. 420 B.C.E. to 390 B.C.E.
Transitional in style between 5th and 4th centuries. Archaizing long proportions. 6x15, porches front and back have 2 columns in antis, exterior order is doric, single corinthian column in cella, ionic in interior. Although a Doric structure the temple was decorated with a continuous Ionic frieze on the interior.
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Term
| Tegea, Temple of Athena Alea |
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Definition
| Tegea, Temple of Athena Alea,
Architect Skopas,
Architecture
Period Greek Fourth Century Date c. 345 B.C.E. to 335 B.C.E.
Doric order with Corinthian on interior and Ionic above. Tall proportions for light appearance.
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Term
| Tholos of Asklepios, Epidauros, Sanctuary of Asklepios |
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Definition
| Tholos of Asklepios, Epidauros, Sanctuary of Asklepios,
Architect Polykleitos the Younger
Material Limestone
Architecture
Period Greek Fourth Century Date c. 360 B.C.E. to 330 B.C.E.
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Term
| Lysikrates' Monument, Athens |
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Definition
| Lysikrates' Monument, Athens, choregic monument,
Tholos on base
Architecture
Period Greek Fourth Century Date c. 334 B.C.E.
Circular shape and the Corinthian column appear in monument commemorating the victory in a theatrical contest of a chorus.
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Term
|
Definition
| Villa of Good Fortune, Olynthos, (house), peristyle house plan,
Architecture
Period Greek Fourth Century Date c. 380 B.C.E.
Courtyards in houses have columns forming a veranda, the largest room was the andron (dining room) with which other rooms were linked.
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Term
|
Definition
| Priene town plan,
Location Priene (Turunçlar),
Architecture
Period Greek Fourth Century Date c. 353 B.C.E.
Orthogonal grid plan laid out along a hillside. Broad paved east-west roads intersected north-south roads.The regularity was broken were necessary to accomodate large buildings.
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Term
| Mausolleion of Halikarnassos |
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Definition
| Mausolleion of Halikarnassos, Ionic order tomb,
Architect Pytheus,
Location Bodrum (Halikarnassos),
Architecture Funerary
Period Anatolian Carian Date c. 350 B.C.E.
There was apparently a high podium supporting a rectangular building with an Ionic colonnade much decorate sculpture and a pyramid shaped roof with a four-horse chariot on the top.
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Term
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Definition
| Antikythera Youth, from shipwreck off island of Antikythera,
Medium Greek bronze original
Sculptures
Period Greek Fourth Century Date c. 340 B.C.E.
Shows evidence of Polykleitan athletic figures clearly enough in the position of legs and feet, the chasiatic (X-shape) balance of muscular tension and the emphatic structure of the anatomy. New is the smallness of the head, the outstretching arm, and the leftward swaying pose checked by the right turned head and outstretched right arm.
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Term
|
Definition
| Marathon Boy,
Medium Bronze
Sculptures Statue
Period Greek Fourth Century Date 340 B.C.E.
Adopts a precarious pose, S-curve very pronounced.
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Term
|
Definition
| Piraeus Athena,
Medium Greek bronze original
Sculptures
Period Greek Fourth Century Date c. 350 B.C.E.
Massive imposing figure but with the head tilted to the right and her gentle expression she is rendered more approachable.
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Term
|
Definition
| Eirene and Ploutos ("Peace and Wealth"), from Agora of Athens, Roman marble copy of a bronze original,
Artist Kephisodotos of Athens,
Medium Sculpture Marble
Sculptures
Period Greek Fourth Century Date c. 370 B.C.E.
Celebrate the inauguration of a cult of Peace in Athens. Peace's stance and massive form echo precursors of the High Classical style. The drapery is different with the heavy peplos favoured in the Early Classical. The density of the drapery conceals the form, folds are more complicated as in nature. Expression of gentle intimacy between figures is new.
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Term
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Definition
| Aphrodite of Knidos, from Sanctuary of Aphrodite in Knidos, Roman copy of Greek marble original,
Artist Praxiteles
Medium Sculpture on marble
Sculptures
Period Greek Fourth Century Date c. 350 B.C.E.
Like Hermes she has long legs and a small head. S-curve rises slowly through her body.
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Term
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Definition
| Hermes and Dionysos, late Hellenistic marble copy of a marble original, found in Temple of Hera at Olympia,
Artist Praxiteles
Medium Sculpture on marble
Sculptures
Period Greek Hellenistic Date c. 340 B.C.E.
Heavily influenced in terms of composition by Eirene and Ploutos group. Personal moment between figures shown as mortals rather than gods which is characteristic of the fourth century. Hermes stance is High Classical , slender legs and small head are new, soft modeling of the surface blurs the smooth transitions from plane to plane - "sfumato" Natural fall of drapery is realistic.
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Term
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Definition
| Apoxyomenos, Roman marble copy of Greek bronze original
Artist Lysippos,
Medium Sculpture on marble
Sculptures
Period Greek Fourth Century Date c. 330 B.C.E.
Challenges the four-sided appraoch of Classical style. One arm is stretched out directly in front of the figure extending the visual space of the viewer.
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Term
| Paestan red-figure calyx krater |
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Definition
| Paestan red-figure calyx krater,
Old Comic scene: "phlyakes" with miser
Artist Asteas,
Ceramics Red figure
Period Greek Fourth Century Date c. 350 B.C.E. to 320 B.C.E.
Scene from colonial comic theatre often parodied the heroic tales of Athenian tragedians.
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Term
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Definition
| Rape of Persephone, Tomb of Persephone, Vergina, North wall,
Paintings
Period Greek Fourth Century Date c. 340 B.C.E.
Used perspective to create an illusion of depth and shading to lend volume to the faces and the drapery. Brush strokes are rapid to create movement and moment of high drama.
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Term
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Definition
| Lefkadia, Great Tomb, Mixed Doric and Ionic facade
Period Greek Hellenistic Date c. 280 B.C.E.
architecture of the facade mixes Doric and Ionic orders highly ornate almost baroque. Continuous ionic frieze of an Amazonomachy. metopes of the Doric frieze show Lapiths fighting Centaurs.
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Term
| Great Tomb, "Philip's Tomb" |
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Definition
| Great Tomb, "Philip's Tomb", Vergina Tomb II, Doric facade with hunt frieze,
Location Macedonia, Greece
Architecture
Period Greek Date c. 340 B.C.E.
Facade decorated with Doric columns and a Doric frieze echoing appearance of some architecture. Painted course above frieze depicts young men hunting that takes place among landscape elements. Background is flat hunters carry focus of attention. Complex amalgamation of heroized aristocratic activities.
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Term
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Definition
| House of the Faun,
Battle of Alexander the Great against the Persian king Darius
Medium Mosaic, a copy of a fourth century painting by Philoxenos
Orignal Site Pompeii, Italy
Mosaics
Period Roman Republican Date c. 80 B.C.E.
Personal duel between Alexander and Darius. Individuals to not stand out but when looking closely can see individual faces with various things going on around the two central figures.
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Term
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Definition
| "Alexander Sarcophagus", for King Abdalonymous, from Sidon,
Alexander the Great battles against Persians Medium Relief of sculpture
Sculptures
Period Greek Fourth Century Date c. 320 B.C.E.
Shaped like a temple, rich with architectural moldings, framing the frieze panels on all four sides of the rectangular chest, and resplendent with akroteria, waterspouts, and watchful lions at the corners of the roof. Short sides of the chest show a hunting scene and a battle scene in full throng. One long side shows Greeks and Persians hunting together, while the other depicts Greeks and Persians fighting.
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Term
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Definition
| Acropolis of Pergamon,
Location Bergama (Pergamon), Turkey
Architecture Urban Planning
Period Roman Date 2nd century A.D.
Did not follow rules of Hippodomas of Miletus. Theater is prominent in plan, equally important were the views from buildings over the impressive landscape.
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Term
| Sanctuary of Asklepios/Asklepieion, Kos |
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Definition
| Sanctuary of Asklepios/Asklepieion, Kos
Architecture
Period Greek Hellenistic Date c. 330 B.C.E. to 150
Architects built coordinated terraces with the help of ramps and stairs, and created varying visual effects by means of gates and colonnades. the lowest terrace was furnished with a monumental entrance gate at the head of a flight of stairs, and with a three-sided stoa and a fountain. The next terrace had a stoa on one side, and Ionic temple on the other, and an alter in between. The Doric Temple of Asklepios stood on the top terrace flanked on three sides by a stoa and was approached by an ascending flight of stairs. here is where the temple was surrounded by a sacred grove of trees.
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Term
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Definition
| Temple of Apollo, Didyma,
Architecture Religious
Period Greek Hellenistic Date c. 300 B.C.E.
Raised on a high podium of steps. Ionic columns on the peristyle. A dozen more columns with varying bases stood on the porch. Open courtyard inside, temple protected a sacred grove.
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Term
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Definition
| Dying Gaul ("Trumpeter" by Epigonos?) from Gallic Dedication, Roman Copy,
Sculptures Statue
Period Greek Hellenistic
Date 2nd century B.C.E.
The slow twist of the torso, the various views of the limbs, adn the careful framing of the wound suggest that the figure was to be observed from various viewpoints.
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Term
| Gallic chieftain and wife |
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Definition
| Gallic chieftain and wife, committing suicide ("Ludovisi Group") from Gallic Dedication, Pergamon, Roman copy of 2nd century A.D.
Sculptures Statue
Period Greek Hellenistic Date 2nd century B.C.E. (original)
Barbarian is portrayed as a noble hero. Carved completely in the round and affords many viewpoints and effectively contrasts the vigorous and still vital male body with the fame collapsing in death. Baroque is the twisting posture, exaggerated musculature, and the high drama of the moment.
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Term
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Definition
| Great Altar of Zeus, Pergamon,
Architecture
Period Greek Hellenistic Date 2nd century B.C.E.
Platform supported an Ionic colonnade while the podium below was decorated with a sculpted frieze. Battle between gods and giants depicted , consisted of some 200 figures in high relief. Moments of physical and emotional intensity are emphasized by tense bodies, violent postures, exaggerated muscles of torsos, legs, and arms, open mouths, deep-set eyes, furrowed brows, and shocks of unruly hair. Both Classicizing and Baroque appear side by side.
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Term
| Temple of Olympian Zeus/Olympieion, Athens |
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Definition
| Temple of Olympian Zeus/Olympieion, Athens, started by Antiochos IV Epiphanes (175 - 164 B.C.E.), finished by Hadrian (124 - 125),
Architect Cossutius, Decimus
Architecture
Period Roman Imperial Date c. 124 to 125
Corinthian order, tripled rows of eight columns at front and back, with two rows of twenty columns on either flank.
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Term
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Definition
| Demosthenes
Artist Polyeuctus
Medium Roman marble copy of a bronze original
Sculptures Statue
Period Greek Hellenistic Date c. 280 B.C.E.
Attempt to portray mental states as well as the characters and recognizable external features of individuals.
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Term
|
Definition
| Tyche of Antioch
Artist Eutychides,
Sculptures
Period Greek Date 300 B.C.E.
Personification of the city and allegorical nature of the content are new, as is the design, which offered three principal views in a pyramidal arrangement.
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Term
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Definition
| Nike of Samothrace (Winged Victory)
Artist Lysippos,
Sculptures
Period Greek Hellenistic Date c. 200 B.C.E.
Personification of victory, enjoys classical resonance and baroque vitality. Shown landing from flight, wings outspread. torso twisted slightly to the right and upwards, new torsion in the drapery, with spirals flowing upwards checked at the hips.
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Term
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Definition
| Sleeping satyr (Barberini Faun)
Artist Medium
Sculptures Statue
Period Greek Hellenistic Date c. 230 B.C.E. to 200 B.C.E.
Portrait of a mind at rest and a body relaxed - exploring the relationship between mental and physical states.
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Term
Aphrodite warding off Pan with a slipper,
with Eros |
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Definition
| Aphrodite warding off Pan with a slipper,
with Eros
Medium Marble
Sculptures
Period Greek Hellenistic Date c. 100 B.C.E. Hellenistic original[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| Aphrodite of Melos (Venus de Milo)
Artist Rhodian Sculptors, (Hegesandros, Athenedoros, and Polydoros)
Medium Marble
Sculptures
Period Greek Hellenistic Date 150 B.C.E. to 100 B.C.E.
Praxitalean S-curve rises through the body while the drapery is suggestively poised. the face if Late Classical in type as is the anatomy. Precarious drapery and twisting spiral of the figure is distinctly Hellenistic.
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Term
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Definition
| Terme Boxer
Medium bronze
Sculptures
Period Greek Hellenistic Date c. 150
Contrast the ideal hero with the reality of a Hellenistic fighter. The broken nose, swollen ears, bleeding wounds, and swelling muscles of thigh and torso present firm reality.
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Term
|
Definition
| Terme Ruler
Medium bronze
Sculptures
Period Greek Hellenistic Date c. 150
Classicl walking stance modified by Hellenistic spiral of the arms and torso, the small head turns sharply to the right introducing more tension. The body is heavily muscled regal character is expressed in the firmness of the facial expression and strength of the body.
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Term
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Definition
| The Laocoön group
Medium marble
Sculptures
Period Greek Hellenistic Date 100 B.C.E. to 100
High drama, twisted contorted figures, exaggerated anatomy of Lacoon, anguised fearful expressions typical of Baroque.
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Term
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Definition
| Scylla group
Artist Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Polydoros of Rhodes
Sculptures
Period Greek Hellenistic Date 1st c C.E.
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Term
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Definition
| Baroque style of the High Hellenistic phase is characterized by dramatic effects, achieved by complex postures, gestures, and groupings, and by the intensity and variety of emotional representation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Building The Servian Wall
Location Rome, Latium / Lazio, Italy
Architecture Urban Planning
Period Roman Republican
Date 4th century BCE
Encircled the city, and included parts of the seven hills of Rome. Built in the fourth century BC, was constructed without mortar, of tufa cut in squared blocks called opus quadratum.
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Term
| Sanctuary of Jupiter Anxur |
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Definition
| Building Sanctuary of Jupiter Anxur,
Material N.B. opus incertum core wall construction, with stone quoins for jambs opus caementiceum core wall with small stonesrmis'epidemis
Location Terracina, Latium / Lazio, Italy
Architecture Religious
Period Roman Republican
Date c. 150 B.C.E. to 100 B.C.E.
Sat on a terace which in turn rested on a series of piers and arches - able to crate a level platform on the promontory from where the sanctuary commanded a view from all sides.
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Term
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Definition
| Building Sanctuary of Fortuna,
Location Palestrina, Latium / Lazio, Italy
Architecture Dwellings
Period Roman Republican
Date 150 B.C.E. to 100 B.C.E.
Made on massive scale taking advantage of the prominent hill. Built on vaulted terraces that provided flat spaces for the porticoes at different levels. The temple is a small oracular shrine where the future was predicted. The ramp has a row of Doric columns down the middle that supported the roofed portion. The capitals and bases of the columns were cut on an angle.
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Term
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Definition
| Building Temple of Portunus, or "Fortuna Virilis"
Location Rome, Latium / Lazio, Italy
Architecture Religious
Period Roman Republican
Date c. 125 B.C.E.
High podium, deep porch, frontal approach up a flight of steps. Half-columns were applied to the exterior of the cella wall. Ionic columns and use of stone is Greek, while the tall, narrow proportions make this an Italic building.
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Term
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Definition
| Title Portrait head: "Brutus",
Medium Bronze
Sculpture
Period Etruscan Hellenistic
Date c. 80 B.C.E.
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Term
| Patrician carrying two portrait busts of ancestors |
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Definition
| Title Patrician carrying two portrait busts of ancestors
Medium Portraiture
Sculpture
Period Roman Republican
Date 1st century AD
Provides a visual record from what we know from literary sources. The mask is made to look like the deceased to pay them honour.
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Term
|
Definition
| Title Bust, veristic pater familias from Merida (Spain)
Sculptures
Period Roman Republican
Date c. 25 B.C.E. to 1 B.C.E.
Prominent citizens. Emphasized prominent bone structure of the brows, cheeks, and chin. Succeeded in suggesting the wisdom and experience reflected in the intelligent eyes. Sum up the Roman admiration and respect for civic leaders and elder statesmen.
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Term
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Definition
| Title Portrait of Pompey
Medium Marble
Sculpture Bust
Period Roman Republican
Date First century AD copy of an original from c. 55 BCE
His head though realistic is more of a character study and belongs in a group of portraits that tends to attribute heroic qualities of the sitter. Similar hair to Alexander portraits.
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Term
| Census-taking relief from Temple of Neptune |
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Definition
| Title Census-taking relief from Temple of Neptune
Medium Marble frieze
Sculpture Relief
Period Roman Republican
Date c. 100 B.C.E.
Historical relief, depicting census taking and sacrifice. Interest in clarity shows almost comic like fashion, events unfold mechanically before our eyes.
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Term
| Aemilius Paullus monument |
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Definition
| Title Aemilius Paullus monument,
restoration
Sculptures
Period Roman Republican
Date 168 B.C.E. to 167 B.C.E.
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Term
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Definition
| Title House of Sallust
Medium Wall painting
Period Roman Republican
Date 2nd century BCE
First Pompeian style. Imitation of coloured marble because cheaper than the real stuff.
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Term
|
Definition
| Title House of the Griffins,
from the bedroom of a house on the Palatine Hill, Rome
Medium Wall painting
Period Roman Republican
Date 100 B.C.E. to 50 B.C.E.
Second Pompeian Style. Part of the wall was often still painted with the marbleized panels, architectural features like columns and ledges were painted realistically rather than modeled in plaster.
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Term
|
Definition
| Title Villa of Oplontis, Torre Annunziata,
Peacock and theater mask before a vista with columns
Medium Wall painting
Period Roman Republican
Date 1st century BCE
Dramatic use of columns in Second Pompeian Style. Peacock sits on a ledge near a theater mask in front of a row of receding columns with realistic shadows.
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Term
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Definition
| Building Boscoreale Villa, Cubiculum, Pompeii
Architecture
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 40 B.C.E.
Treated the walls as if they were a series of windows on the outside world. Denies the surface of the walls.
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Term
|
Definition
| Title Villa of Mysteries Frieze
Painting Fresco
Period Roman Republican
Second Pompeian Style. Lifesize figures stand and move on a narrow painted ledge in front of the back wall so they seem to exist in real space. Shows initiation rite into the cult of Dionysus.
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Term
|
Definition
| Title Roman House, Odyssey Landscapes,
the Laestrygonians attack Odysseus and his crew
Medium Wall painting
Period Roman Republican
Date c. 50 B.C.E.
Second Pompeian Style. series of pillars in front of the main subject, consists of a continuous landscape peopled with figures from the Odyssey. The men are small scale compared to the landscape, are painted in swift confident strokes and the landscape has a sketchy impressionistic quality. Impression of distance achieved by dulling colour of background.
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Term
|
Definition
| Title Nilotic mosaic, Palestrina Sanctuary of Fortuna,
Mosaic
Period Roman Republican
Date 1st century BCE
Used bends in the river to give a sense of recession in space, as the curves lead our eyes into the distance. Atmospheric pressure used to increase impression of depth. Experimented with various views of the huts and temples from different angles.
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Term
|
Definition
| Title Augustus of Prima Porta,
Medium Cuirate portrait statue marble copy of bronze original
Sculpture Statue
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 25 B.C.E.
Handsome and idealized young man in his prime. Bare feet indicate he is a hero, and even a god. Cupid indicates he is descended from the goddess Venus, mother of Cupid. The breastplate has reliefs that are symbolical to aspects of the propaganda program. In the center a Parthian represents the barbarian who gave back a legionary standard to a Roman soldier who personifies the army. Above the sky god holds up a canopy, signifying peace and by Mother Earth holding a cornucopia full of fruit at the bottom of the breastplate. Carved the breastplate as if it were made of bronze and yet the details of the human body are incorporated into the form of the armor. Classicism in the smoothing of the skin and facial details.
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Term
| Augustus as pontifex maximus |
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Definition
| Title Via Labicana Augustus,
Augustus as pontifex maximus
Medium Togate portrait statue on marble
Sculpture Statue
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 12 B.C.E. to 14 B.C.E.
Toga drawn over head signifies role of a priest. Head and neck were carved separately.
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Term
|
Definition
| Title Portrait of Livia,
Medium Marble
Sculpture
Period Roman Imperial
Date Early 1st century AD
Idealizing and Classicizing. Strong personality is portrayed through the small determined mouth, aquiline nose, fine rounded cheeks, and the thin brows.
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Term
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Definition
| Building Forum of Augustus, Rome
Architecture
Period Roman Imperial
Date Completed 2 B.C.E.
Built like rectangular forum of Julis Caesar. In both fora, each side was lined by a colonnade, but Augustus added a semi-circular apse, or exedra behind each of the two colonnades.
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Term
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Definition
| Building Temple of Mars Ultor, Forum of Augustus,
Architecture Religious
Period Roman Imperial
Date 10 B.C.E. to 2 B.C.E.
Stood at the back of Augustus' Forum. Dominated the space in front in traditional Roman manner. Entire space was closed off at the back by a high wall that cut off the view of the poor district.
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Term
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Definition
| Building Mausoleum of Augustus, Campus Martius, Rome
Architecture Funerary
Period Roman Imperial
Date Late 1st century BCE
Large circular building with galleries at different levels. The lower level was topped by earth and there was a colonnade around the second.
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Term
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Definition
| Building Ara Pacis Augustae ("Altar of Augustan Peace"), Campus Martius, Rome
Architecture
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 13 B.C.E. to 9 B.C.E.
Grand enclosure wall encasing a smaller altar raised on a set of steps. Altar surrounded by sculpture in relief on both the interior and exterior. Interior hangs bulls skulls, sacrificial bowls, and garlands as if prepared for the actual sacrifice. Fruit from all seasons depicted to indicate peace lasted all year. On the outside is mythology and allegory. Tellus (Mother Earth) with two babies to emphasize fertility. Female is similar to classical depictions. On the side of the Ara Pacis figures in two processions, the senators, and the imperial family are depicted. Changing the stance and direction of figures added variation.
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Term
|
Definition
| Building Horologium of Augustus, Campus Martius, Rome:
Obelisk (sundial)
Architecture
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 10 B.C.E.
Pavement was crisscrossed with lines laid out in a swallowtail design to accomodate the registering of the circular movement of the sun on a flat surface over the whole year. It was an Egyptian obelisk taken from Heliopolis symbolizing subjugation of Egypt to Rome.
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Term
| Augustan Temple, "Maison Carée" |
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Definition
| Building Augustan Temple, "Maison Carée", Nîmes (Nemausus)
Architecture Recreational
Period Roman Imperial
Date 19 B.C.E.
Etruscan tradition of high podium, frontal stairs, front porch and engaged columns on the sides and back. The capitals here are Corinthian with acanthus design on the frieze.
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Term
|
Definition
| Building Theater of Marcellus, Campus Martius,
Architecture Recreational
Period Roman Imperial
Date Late 1st century BCE
Behind stage was a large rectangular area with a colonnade and a sacred grove filled with trees. Temple was placed at the back of the seating high up so it could be seen beyond the cavea.
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Term
| Villa of Livia, Garden Room |
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Definition
| Title Villa of Livia, Garden Room
Medium Wall painting
Orignal Site Villa of Livia, Prima Porta, near Rome, Italy
Period Roman Imperial
Date Late 1st century BCE
Atmospheric pressure used. Roman enthusiasm for nature different from anything found in Greek art. Whole wall became a window to reveal the landscape.
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Term
| Villa Farnesina, Garden Room |
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Definition
| Villa Farnesina, Garden Room
Medium Wall painting
Orignal Site Villa Farnesina, Rome,
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 20 B.C.E.
Picture gallery - sign of prestige among the aristocratic rich.
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Term
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Definition
| Title Villa at Boscotrecase, Columns and pediment
Medium Wall painting
Orignal Site Villa at Boscotrecase, near Pompeii, Italy
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 25 B.C.E.
Third Pompeian Style. Treats the wall as flat surface that it is, ratehr than as a window upon a distance space. Slim column holds up a delicate and ornamental pediment. No interest in showing substantial architectural structures nor the illusion of three-dimensional space.
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Term
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Definition
| Gemma Augustea (Gem of Augustus)
Medium Double-layered Arabian onyx, gold
Seals, Coins, Medallions and Engraved Gems
Period Roman Imperial
Date circa 10
Declares transfer of power from Augustus to Tiberius. By controlling the depth of carving the artist cut the figure out of the white vein and removed the stone down to the blue layer to make the background.
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Term
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Definition
| Arch, Orange (Arausium):
Architecture
Period Roman Imperial
Date 26 AD
Earliest surviving evidence of arch with three passageways in a single massive architectural block. Sculptural relief shows heaps of captured armour. Impression of tremendous weightiness along with flamboyant decoration.
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Term
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Definition
| Claudius as Jupiter
Medium Marble
Sculptures Statue
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 50
Soft features captured in this unusual portrait of the emperor as Jupiter, providing heroic view of an emperor who supposedly dribbled and was quite uncoordinated.
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Term
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Definition
| Golden House of Nero
Material Brick and stone faced with plaster
Location Rome, Latium / Lazio, Italy
Architecture Dwellings
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 64
Dome with oculus coverd the center of the octagonal room. Use of concrete to form the dome and the long caulted passages show that the architects came to realize the potentional of their chief building medium.
Wall paintings are of the Third Pompeian Style and Fourth Pompeian style that make the walls seem even lighter and more fanciful.
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Term
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Definition
| Pont du Gard
Material Brick and stone faced with plaster
Architecture Public
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 50
Rhythm of long rows of arches, smaller ones fit into the bigger ones 3 at a time. Required to slope gently entire distance. Spare requirement for building materials compared to size.
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Term
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Definition
| Aqua Claudia
Material Brick and stone faced with plaster
Location Rome, Latium / Lazio, Italy
Architecture Public
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 50
Lower section purposely left in the form of rough hewn stones giving impression of unfinished work termed "rustication"
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Term
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Definition
| Portrait of Vespasian
Sculpture
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 69 to 79
Emphasize a realistic kindly-looking man and are devoid of idealism = typical of this era (Flavians)
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Term
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Definition
| Colosseum, Rome
Architecture
Period Roman Imperial
Built over Nero's house. Structural system was based on a series of arches and arched passageways that crossed more or less at right agnels to each other, making a groin vault. Interior constructed of concrete with travertine on the outside.Exterior had engaged Doric columns on the ground, Ionic on second, and Corinthian on the third.
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Term
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Definition
| Arch of Titus, Forum Romanum, Rome
Architecture
Period Roman Imperial
Date 81
Small with just one passageway. Celebrating Triumph in the Jewish Wars. Scenes depict Titus coming through ceremonial arch, and plundering of Jewish city of Jerusalem.
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Term
| Portrait of a Flavian Lady as Venus |
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Definition
| Portrait of a Flavian Lady as Venus
Medium Marble
Orignal Site Porta San Sebastiano, Rome, Italy
Sculpture Statue
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 80
Unusual piece - woman standing naked having just come from the hairdresser is odd.
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Term
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Definition
| Cancelleria Reliefs, Domitian, Rome:
adventus of Vespasian in Rome in AD 70
Architecture Architectural Sculpture
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 95
Originally showed emperor Domitian setting out on a military expedition, guided and encouraged by a group that included the goddesses Roma and Minerva, the genius of the Senate, the genius of teh Roman people, and other allegorical figures.
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Term
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Definition
| Forum, Pompeii
Architecture
Period Roman Imperial
Date As at 79
Most of the buildings had not been restored after the earthquake of 62 AD, only the Temple of Apollo was nearly repaired.
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Term
| Domus Augustana, Flavian Palace |
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Definition
| Domus Augustana, Palatine Hill,
Architecture Public
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 91
Architect: Rabirius
Palace occupied several levels between the top of the hill and the south slope facing the Circus Macimus. Colonnades and courtyards, fountains with semicircular patterns, and octagons within octagons make it an interesting imperial building.
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Term
| Portrait of a husband and wife |
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Definition
| Portrait of a husband and wife
Medium Wall painting in Fourth Pompeian Style
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 50
Physiological details are studied carefully and we seem to have a sensitive study of a middle-class couple.
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Term
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Definition
| House of the Vettii, Frieze of the cupids
Medium Wall painting in Fourth Pompeian Style
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 63 to 79
The wall is frequently broken up in a way that allows for different and inconsistent spatial effects, promoting fanciful and delightful freedom of design.Cupids preform everyday tasks.
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Term
| Still Life, from the Properties of Julia Felix |
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Definition
| Still Life, from the Properties of Julia Felix
Medium Wall painting in Fourth Pompeian Style
Period Roman Imperial
Date 1st century
Decorate walls with realistic still life paintings that often were small pangels or sections in a more elaborate system of wall decoration.
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Term
| Riot between Pompeians and the Nucerians in the amphitheater at Pompeii in 59 AD |
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Definition
Riot between Pompeians and the Nucerians in the amphitheater at Pompeii in 59 AD
Wall Painting
Imperial Period
Aerial view enables us to see the fighting fine example of skill at showing mixed viewpoints. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trajan's Markets
Architect Apollodoros of Damascus, Bio
Architecture Commercial Markets
Period Roman Imperial
Date 100 to 114
Semicircle that seems to wrap around the exterior of a huge exedra on the east side of the Forum of Trajan below it.
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Term
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Definition
| Trajan's Forum, Rome
Architecture Plans
Period Roman Imperial
Date 98 to 117
Center of the open space in front of the entrance was a stuate of Trajan on horseback. Two libraries Greek and Latin. Behind the libraries was the Temple to the Divine Trajan.
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Term
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Definition
| Basilica Ulpia, Forum of Trajan, Rome:
view to Trajan's column
Architecture
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 100 to 112
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Term
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Definition
| Trajan's Column, Trajan's Forum (AD 98 -117), Rome
Architecture
Period Roman Imperial
Date 113
Served as monument to Trajans exploits and as his tomb. Constant reminder of his virtus, fortitude, courage, and glorious aspects of his character. The virtus of the emperor by extension embodied the success of the state. Records the campaigns against the Dacians. Reliefs are conceived in a band that winds upwards. Repetetive scenes of the emperor sacrificing or addressing the troops. Accurate detail of setting, dress, and even the pots and pans they carried. Propaganda message took precedence over accurate details. Details of events were often reduced to standardized scenes that could be repeated without historical basis.
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Term
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Definition
| Arch of Trajan
Architecture Public
Period Roman Imperial
Date 114 to 117
Dedicated to Trajan because he paid for the road Brindisi out of his own pockets. Form and proportions based on the Arch of Titus in Rome, but there are many more reliefs covering the surface. There is a single opening. There are engaged columns at each corner. Victories fill the spandrels one one side, with a river god and nymph on the other. Seasons represented below the spandrels appear for the first time.
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Term
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Definition
| Hadrian's Wall, (Vercovicium)
Location Housesteads, England
Architecture Military
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 124
Defensive wall in the province of Britain.
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Term
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Definition
| Hadrian's Villa
Location Tivoli, Latium / Lazio, Italy
Architecture Dwellings
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 135
Series of building clusters et out on the south slope of a hill. Brought the town to the country.
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Term
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Definition
| Pantheon, Rome
Architecture
Period Roman Imperial
Date 125 AD
Dedicated to all gods. An architectural masterpiece. Facade was originally decorated with sculpture within the pediment. Porch supported by 16 bhuge monolithic columns of granite. Milestone in the ongoing Roman facility in using concrete. Contrast of porch and drum makes a great impact. Marvelous synthesis of tradition and innovation in design.
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Term
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Definition
| Temple of Venus and Roma
Architecture Religious
Period Roman Imperial
Date Dedicated 135 AD
Two cellae which back onto each other, one is dedicated to Venus and the other Roma. Columns encircling the whole temple - peripteral. Instead of usual podium, stands on a stylobate. These Greek designs are attributed to Hadrian's love for things Classical.
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Term
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Definition
| Housesteads Fort
Location England
Architecture
Period Roman Imperial
Date Second Century AD
Plan is rectangle with a main north-south and east-west street, ending in gates through the outer defense walls. The four corners were rounded and there were towers at principal points around the edges.
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Term
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Definition
| Hadrian's Mausoleum (Castel San'Angelo)
Architecture
Period Roman Imperial
Date 2nd Century
Shape was of an enormous drum on which earth was originally piled high. Originally a bronze statue of Hadrian in four-horse chariot was on top.
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Term
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Definition
| Temple of Hadrian
Material Marble
Architecture Religious
Period Roman Imperial
Date 130 to 138 AD
Example of buildings dedicated to Hadrian around the empire. Ornate frieze runs across the facade rises up into an archway that rests upon two Corinthian columns and spans the entrance of the porch. A pediment enclosed the space over the arch. Feature of arch within a pediment originated in Near East.
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Term
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Definition
| Library of Celsus
Material Marble
Location Ephesus, Izmir Ili, Turkey
Architecture Public
Period Roman Imperial
Date 135 AD
Dedicated to Hadrian
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Term
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Definition
| The apotheosis of Sabina
Medium Marble
Sculpture Relief
Period Roman Imperial
Date 136 to 138 AD
Hadrian's wife Sabina rises from her funeral pyre toward the sky on the back of winged female figure. Deceased is being deified.
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Term
| Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius |
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Definition
| Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius
Sculpture Statue
Period Roman
Date 165 AD
Survived because believed to be of Constantine. Originally gilded, shown as he addresses the crowd, his noble horse is large.
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Term
| Portrait of emperor Lucius Verus |
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Definition
| Portrait of emperor Lucius Verus
Medium Marble
Orignal Site Asia Minor
Sculpture Bust
Period Roman Imperial
Date 160 to 169 AD
Heavily drilled locks. Empty expression.
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Term
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Definition
| Column of Antoninus Pius,
Apotheosis of Antoninus Pius and Faustina, from base of column
Material Marble
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 161 AD
Early in reign of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, column erected to honor dead emperor Antoninus Pius. Front is apotheosis of emperor and wife, Classicizing in space and figures. Other sides represent military review, figures appear short and there is strange representation of space with those farther away above figures.
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Term
| Column of Marcus Aurelius |
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Definition
| Column of Marcus Aurelius
Architecture Public
Period Roman Imperial
Date 180 to 192 AD
Similar to Column of Trajan but different in scenes depicted. Trajan focused on glorious aspects of the war, Marcus Aurelius focused on the horrors of war and did not depict his troops as innocent. Gods take part in action rather than just depict scenery.
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Term
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Definition
| Mummy Portrait of a Man
Medium Encaustic on wood
Cultural Association Al-Fayyum, Egypt
Period Roman Imperial
Date 2nd Century AD
Painted board was placed on the mummy and wrapped in linen cloth that encircled the body in such a way to leave the painted face showing.
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Term
| Portrait of Septimius Severus and his family, from Egypt |
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Definition
| Portrait of Septimius Severus and his family, from Egypt
Medium Tempera on wood
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 200 AD
Only painted portrait of imperial family to have survived antiquity.
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Term
| Arch of Septimius Severus |
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Definition
| Arch of Septimius Severus
Location Rome, Italy
Architecture Public
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 204 CE
3 passageways, enormous columns. Victories fill the spandrels and river gods.
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Term
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Definition
| Baths of Caracalla
Location Rome, Latium / Lazio, Italy
Period Roman Imperial
Date c. 211 to 217 AD
Although large, the general arrangement was typical of smaller bath buildings all over the empire. Interior rich in colour from marble decoration on walls and floors, mosaics, paintings, and painted sculpture.
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Term
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Definition
| Farnese Herculese
Artist Glykon of Athens
Medium marble
Dimensions 317 cm
Period Roman
Date third century CE
Decorated the interior of the Bath of Caracalla.
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Term
| Arch of Constantine, Rome |
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Definition
| Arch of Constantine, Rome
Architectural Sculpture
Period Roman Imperial
Date 312 to 315 AD
Mixture of styles and traditions. Sculpture made up largely of pannels taken from much older monuments which are combined with a small-scale historical frieze narratiing contemporary events.
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Term
| Constantine, colossal seated portrait |
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Definition
| Constantine, colossal seated portrait, from the Basilica of Constantine
Sculpture Monumental
Period Roman Imperial
Date 313 AD
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