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GRE Psychology
Cognitive. In Panera. Beautiful.
40
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
10/10/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Definition
Began the history modern memory research in 1885. Used meaningless strings of letters to study the capacity of our memory system.
Term
Edward Titchener
Definition
1867-1927
Structuralist--goal of this was to break consciousness down into its elements
Trained by Wundt

Used introspection
Term
Structuralism (Titchner) spawned off:
Definition
Functionalism
Behaviorism
Gestalt psychology
Term
Noam Chomsky
Definition
Linguist

Elouent critique of Skinner's Verbal Behavior

Speech can't possibly be all due to reinforcement. Brilliant.
Term
Three research methods of cognitists
Definition
Mental chronometry

Eye movements

Brain imaging
Term
Ebbinghaus' Experimentation
Definition
Used himself as a subject.

Memorized nonsense syllables, then distracted himself with other lists, then measured how much he remembered with his method of savings

--How many times he had to read it to rememorize it.
Term
Method of savings
Memorize in 20 trials one day, 8 the next.
Definition
Takes you 20 trials to memorize a list. Next day takes only 8. 20-8/20 * 100 = 60% savings
Term
Forgetting curve
Definition
Without practice, forget rapidly, then when it reaches a low (say 20%) it plateaus and forget much slower.
Term
Three mental processes of memory
Definition
Encoding, storage, retrieval
Term
Generation-recognition model
Definition
Recall and recognition tap the same basic process, but recall involves an extra step. You have to generate info instead of recognizing. Duh.
Term
Stage theory of memory
Remember this shit.
Definition
Very influential theory.

Different memory systems sensory, working/short term and long term
Term
Semantic priming
Definition
Decide whether stimulus is word or non word.
When given two words (both real or both nonreal) task goes faster if words are related.
Term
Long term vs Short term encoding
Definition
Short term encoded with phonological or acoustic.

Long term encoded on basis of meaning
Term
Semantic verification task
Definition
Is simple statement true or false?

Time it takes to respond is response latency.

Pattern of response latencies should give info on how semantic knowledge is stored.
Term
Collin's and Loftus' Spreading Activation model
Definition
The shorter the distance between two word in the model, the closer related in semantic memory.

AKA, they put down words and put them next to each other in terms of meaning. Bored much?
Term
Semantic feature comparison model
Smith, Shoben & Rips
Definition
Concepts are represented by sets of features
Some features required, some typical
College has faculty (required) and gives degrees (required) and has fraternities (typical)

The more overlap in features, the faster you respond
Term
Levels/Depth of Processing theory
Definition
Proposed by Craik and Lockart

What determines how long you remember is not the system, but the way you process
Three stages: physical, acoustical, semantic (most processing)
Term
Paivio's Dual-code hypothesis
Definition
Info can be store in two ways: visually and verbally

Abstract is encoded verbally, and concrete is both
Term
Encoding specificity
Definition
The assumption that recall will be best if the context at recall is like the context during the original.
Aka, I will not remember this shit cus I'm not taking the test in Panera.
Term
State-dependent learning
Definition
Will recall better if you psychological or physical state at the time of recall is the same as your state when you memorized it.
Term
Method of loci
Definition
System of associating info with some sequence of places familiar to you
Term
Sir Frederick Bartlett
Definition
War of the Ghosts
Term
Elizabeth Loftus
Definition
Eyewitness
Eyewitness testimony is faulty.
Recently studied the accuracy of repressed memories that return later in life
Term
Zeigarnik effect
Definition
Remember incomplete tasks better than completed
Term
Luchin's water jar problem
Definition
Three empty jars, how do you do each one. Tend to complete the rest based on how you did the first/example.
Called a mental set
Term
Guilford's Divergent thinking
Definition
What can you use a brick for?

Those with divergent thinking say, as a candle holder or a birthday present.

So, they're stupid. But think outside the box.
Term
David Kahneman and Amos Tversky
Definition
Humans use heuristics--short-cuts of rules of thumb to make decisions
Term
Availability Heuristic
Definition
Are there more words that start with K or have K as a third letter?
Most answer that start with K. This is wrong, but since we categorize by the 1st letter, we answer this.
Term
Representativeness heuristic
Definition
Categorizing things on the basis of whether they fit the prototype. Commonality between similar looking obects is assumed.
Term
Base-rate fallacy
Definition
Involved in representativeness heuristic

Using prototypes rather than actual numerical information (Asshole must be engineering student, even though they make up 1% of grad school population)
Term
Problem space
Definition
A list of all possible moves you can make
Term
Morphemes
Definition
Walked has two

walk and ed
Term
Chomsky's Surface Grammatical Structure
Definition
The surface structure of a sentence is the actual word order
Term
Chomskey's Deep Grammatical Structure
Definition
The deep structure of a sentence is an underling form that specifies the meaning of the sentence
Term
Transformational Rules
Definition
How we can change one sentence structure into another

ej. The house is green and Is the house green? Transformational tells us how to change statement into a sentence
Term

Whorfian Hypothesis

Linguistic relativity Hypothesis

Definition

Our perception of reality is determined by the content of language.

Language affects the way we think, not the other way around

Term
Eleanor Macoby and Carol Jacklin
Definition
Girls have better verbal ability than boys
Term
Arthur Jensen
Definition
A prominent educationa psychologist who studied intelligence

Claims IQ tests measure completely only genetics. Studied across racial lines. AKA got a lot of controversy
Term
McClelland and Rumelhart
Definition
Published a 2 volume book about parallel distributed processes (pdp)

Information processing is distributed across the brain and done in a parallel fashion. Huh.
Term
Metacognition/metamemory
Definition
Refer to a person's ability to think about and monitor cognition and memory
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