• Facultative anaerobes
• lactose fermentation positive
• Escheria Coli
• Klebsiella pneumoniae
• Enterobactor

• many strains identified by O, H, K antigens
• increase permeability of the intestine wall
• gastroenteritis, meningitis, UTIs
• has enterotoxins

• non motile
• capsulated
• produces beta lactamase
• treat with cephalosporins and amino glycosides

• motile
• normal flora of the mouth, introcued during dental procedure
• resistant to antimicrobials
• red in color at room temperature
• treat with cephalosporins and cefotasime

• Bordella pertussis
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Moraxella catarrhalis
• Legionella pneumophila

• ubiquitous
• Opportunistic in the lungs, sinuses, and ears
• treat with most antimicrobials except beta lactams

• grows in still water then becomes airborne
• affects mostly older men
• must use selecive charcoal yeast extract
• treat with fluoroquinalone + azithromycin

• whooping cough
• nonmotile
• pertussis toxin/ adenylate cyclase toxin increase mucus production
• dermonecretic toxin constricts and hemorrhages vessels
• tracheal cytotoxin paralyzes cilia
• not a true treatment
• prevention in Tdap vaccine

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• ubiquitous
• flagella and biofilm formation
• neuraminadase helps with adherence
• exotoxin A/ enzyme S inhibit protein synthesis
• common in immunocomprimmised
• can pump penicillin out
• fruity smell
• no lacctose fermentation, catalase +, oxidase +
• need combination of antimocrobials

• lactose fermentation negative
• facultative anaerobes
• proteus
• morganells
• providencia
• edwardsiells

• UTI

• antimicrobial resistant
• UTI

• UTI

• becoming more resistant
• UTI

• lactose fermentation negative
• facultative anaerobe
• salmonella enterica
• salmonella typhi
• shigella
• yersenia pestis

• need reservoir or amplifying host
• bubonic plague has bubose and can have necrosis because of C. perfringes
  can lead to baceremia and disseminates intravascular coagulation (DIC)
• pneumonic plague is more deadly and creates pulmonary distress

Salmonella enterica

• many strains
• found on eggs
• ID₅₀ > 1,000,000
• produces H₂S and turns HE agar dark color

• part of salmonella enterica
• ID₅₀ = 1,000- 10,000
• fecal/ oral spread
• causes ulcerations of theintestines
• causes typhoid fever
• treat with ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and remove gall bladder (causes reinfection)

• sinilar to salmonella
• non motile
• oxidative -
• does not produce H₂S
• ID₅₀- 200
• shiga toxin stops protein synthesis
• treat with sulfanomides and penicillin

• diplococci
• oxidase positive
• aerobic
• Lipid A endotoxin
• neisseria gonorrhea
• neisseria meningitidis

• most common in younger generation (women mostly)
• has fimbriae
• survives in neutrophils
• can cause epididymitis and pelvic inflammatory disease
• eye drops with erythromycin given to newborns
• many strains, treat with cephalosporin
• prevention by education

• normal flora of upper respiratory tract
• infects children and young adult
• has adhesins and fimbriae
• very deadly
• sudden fever, sore throat, headache, stiff neck, vomitting and convulsions
• causes septicemia
• treat with IV ceftriaxon

• die quickly without host because they are too small
• rickettsia rickettsii
• rickettsia prowazekii
• rickettsia typhi
• chlamydia trachomatis

• vectors are ticks
• causes rocky mountain fever
• note worthy symptoms are rash starting on hands and feet
• associated with outside activity

• vector is lice
• excreted in feces/body fluid of lice
• high fevers that cause hallucinations
• rash starts on trunk then spreads

• murine/ mexican typhis
• vector is fleas
• rash on trunk
• not very virulent

• transmitted by sexual contact
• can cause trachoma (ocular disease)
• lacks cell wall which allows for intracellular division
• reticulate body- multiplies
• elementary body - infective
• breaks down tissue and creates hyoersensitive reaction
• test urine sample
• treat with erythromycin and tetracycline but reinfection is likely
  

• treponema pallidum
• borrelia burgdorferi
• borrelia hermsii
• borrelia recurrentis
• leptospira interrogans

• endoflagella allows corkscrew effect
• sexually transmitted
• "great imitator"
• primary syphillis- fors chancres
• secondary- causes rash and other symptoms
• tertiary- gummas (tumor like growths)
• treatment is penicillin

• lyme disease
• vector is deer tick
• causes bulls eye rash
• stage 3 is caused by autoimmune response
• prevention is DEET
• treat with penicillin
• only nymph and adult stage infect

• vectors are deer ticks
• most common cause of relapsing fever

• vector is louse
• epidimic of relapse fever

leptospira interrogans

• hook appearance
• grows in kidneys and released in urine
• does not stain well, antibody test is best
• seasonal disease
• treat with penicillin

Vibrio, bacillus

• O polysacchrides antigens
• polar flagella
• vibious cholera
• campylobacter jejuni
• helicobacter pylori

• contaminated food
• can survive in fresh water
• rice water stool (white flecked diarrhea)
• fluid loss can be up to 1 L in 1 hour
• treat with doxycycline

• causes gastroenteritis
• need charcoal based agar to test
• causes Guillain Barre syndrome which paralyzes ground to brain
• causes bloody stool
• supportive care needed

• burrows into stomach
• erodes lining causing ulcers
• breath test used
• urea containung radioactive carbon substance ingested> urea broken down by bacteria> carbon released> absorbed by blood> taken to lungs> breathed out
• produces urease
• treat with metronidazole+tetracycline+ anti diarrheal/acid reducers