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Theory that the earth is at the center of the universe and the Sun and other objects go around it. |
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| theory that the sun is at the center of the universe and/or the solar system |
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| offshoot of the Renaissance in which scientists questioned traditional beliefs about the workings of the universe. |
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| The spreading of ideas through contact such as trade or war. |
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| Uses observation and experimentation to explain theories on the workings of the universe. |
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| Discovered the law of gravity. |
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Causes of the scientific revolution |
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Denial of rights, economic dept, enlightment ideas, impact of American & English revolutions |
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| Believed all people have the right to life, liberty, and property. |
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| A new beginning; the age of reason |
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| English philosopher, Hobbes's account of human nature as self-interested cooperation has proved to be an enduring theory in the field of philosophical anthroplology |
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| Concept of John Locke’s that states all people have the right to life, liberty, and property. |
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| Theory of Thomas Hobbes that states the people form a social contract with government where they give up all rights for protection from other citizens |
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| Holds extreme revolutionary views |
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| The legislative body of France. Composed of representatives from the three estates which are Clergy in the First Estate, Nobles in the Second Estate, and peasants in the Third Estate. Each Estate is entitled to one vote on legislative matters. The Estates General was never as strong as the British Parliament of the American Congress |
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| Term given to the middle class people in society |
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| In colonial Latin America, American born Spanish gentry, They owned most of the land but were treated like second class citizens, and were denied political rights |
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| Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain |
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| French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. |
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| He states that government should divide itself according to its powers, creating a Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branch. Montesquieu explained that under this system each branch would Check and Balance the others, which would help protect the people's liberty. |
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| believed that government should be run according to the will of the majority, which he called the General Will. He claimed that the General Will would always act in the best interest of the people. |
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| Pride in one’s country or culture, often excessive in nature. |
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A Bill of Rights written after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 which placed William and Mary on the throne of England. The bill created a limited monarchy and established Parliament as the ruling body of the nation.
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Meeting of European political leaders to reestablish former territorial borders after the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the fall of Napoleon. The Congress was held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815, and was dominated by Prince Metternich of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
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| A political policy in which countries attempt to preserve peace by keeping an equal military and economic status |
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| a dramatic change in ideas, practice, or government. |
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| Causes of french revolution |
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| Made up of peasants, merchants, and townspeople. |
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| King of France between 1774 and 1792. He was overthrown during the French Revolution and later beheaded. |
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| First new government during the first stage of the French Revolution. |
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| The initiated a reign of terror, killing over a million people to remove all western influence from the country. This gross violation of human rights ended when Vietnam invaded and occupied the country in 1979. In the 1990s, the United Nations negotiated a peace settlement, and began the democratic process in Cambodia. |
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| Napoleans impact on europe |
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| Money that is used for investment. |
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| In the second half of the 19th century, it was the fundamental change in the way goods were produced through the use of machines, capital, and the centralization of work forces in factories. It completely altered the social, economic, and political structure of most of Europe, Japan, and the United States. |
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| A company with business dealings in many different areas. |
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| Political philosophies that favour tradition |
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| The manufacturing of products on a large scale, usually through the use of machines. |
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| A political system where the means of production are controlled by the workers and all things are shared evenly. Socialist policies provide for government funding of many basic needs such as food, shelter, and medical care. |
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| German social scientist and philosopher, who developed communist theory |
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| name for an ideal society |
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| Italian military and political leader |
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| real ("realistic", "practical" or "actual") and politik ("politics") |
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| American education reformer. |
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A change in farming methods that allowed for a greater production of food. This revolution was fueled by the use of new farming technology such as the seed drill and improved fertilizers. The result of this revolution was a population explosion due to the higher availability of food. It was one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution.
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| This was an economic philosophy begun by Adam Smith in his book, Wealth of Nations, that stated that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government. This economic system dominated most of the Industrial Revolution. |
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| The movement of people to urban areas in search of work. |
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| A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background. |
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| An economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods. Also promotes a free market regulated by supply and demand. |
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| organisation of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and working conditions, forming a cartel of labor |
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| Term given to the working class people in society. |
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| leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification |
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| the landed aristocracy of Prussia and Eastern Germany |
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| King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany whose political policies led his country into World War I. He was forced from power when Germany lost the war. |
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| In the second half of the 19th century, it was the fundamental change in the way goods were produced through the use of machines, capital, and the centralization of work forces in factories. It completely altered the social, economic, and political structure of most of Europe, Japan, and the United States. |
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| Founder of Laissez-Faire Economics |
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| broad array of related ideas and theories of government that consider individual liberty to be the most important political goal |
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| work was contracted by a central agent to subcontractors who completed the work in their own facility, usually their own home |
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| person who has possession over a new company |
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| author of The Communist Manifesto |
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| Italian patriot, philosopher and politician. |
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| Prussian and German statesman of the 19th century. |
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| resources employed to produce goods and services |
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| During European Imperialism, various European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to discuss plans for dividing Africa peacefully. These leaders had little regard for African independence, and had no representation for native Africans. This began the process of imperializing Africa. |
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| A revolt by the hired Hindu and Muslim soldiers of the British East India Company. |
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| Filipino general, politician, and independence leader |
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| A policy of the United States that stated China should be open to all nations that which to trade with them. This policy did not include the consent of the Chinese, and was another form of imperialism. |
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| American naval officer, led the effort to open Japan to trade with the West |
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| conflicts and antagonisms of the four decades leading up to the war. The immediate origins of the war lay in the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July crisis of 1914, the spark (or casus belli) for which was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Gavrilo Princip, an irredentist Serb |
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| Political policy that is dominated by the military and the competitive buildup of arms. |
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| An address given to the United States’ Congress by President Woodrow Wilson concerning the end of World War I and the treatment of all concerned with the war. The speech outlines the League of Nations and the ideas of self determination for different ethnic groups |
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| An alliance that was made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy during World War I. |
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| A country that is on anothers side if anything such as war were to occur. |
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| Russian revolutionary, a communist politician, the main leader of the October Revolution, the first head of the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic and from 1922, the first de facto leader of the Soviet Union |
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| The widespread arrests and executions of over a million people by Josef Stalin between 1936 and 1938. Stalin was attempting to eliminate all opposition to his rule of the Soviet Union. |
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| category of rich peasants in later Russian Empire, Soviet Russia and early Soviet Union. The word "kulak", originally referred to independent farmers in Russia who owned larger farms and used hired labor or bondslaves, as a result of the Stolypin reform introduced since 1906 |
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| The complete control of a weaker nation’s social, economic, and political life by a stronger nation |
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Dutch descended colonist living in South Africa. Also called Afrikaners.
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| In the early 19th century, Great Britain began importing opium, processed from poppy plants grown in the Crown Colony of India, into China |
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- A rebellion by the people of China to end foreign domination.
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| The restoration of the Emperor Meiji to power in Japan, overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868 |
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A form of combat where armies fight each other from opposing fortified positions, usually consisting of long, dugout holes or trenches.
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| A political policy of the United States by President James Monroe that states the Western Hemisphere is closed to European interference |
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| An alliance that was made up of France, Russia, and Great Britain during World War I. |
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| total mobilization of all available resources at their disposal, whether human, industrial, agricultural, military, natural, technological, or otherwise, in order to entirely destroy or render beyond use their rival's capacity to continue to resist. |
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| General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953 |
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| An economic system controlled by strong, centralized government, which usually focuses on industrial goods. With little attention paid to agriculture and consumer goods |
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| War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies. |
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| An area of one country under the control of another. In China, these areas guaranteed specific trading privileges to each imperialist nation within its respective sphere. |
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| The fight for pieces of africa |
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| archduke francis ferdinand |
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| treaty of versailles 1919 |
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| Treaty ending World War I. It was extremely unfair to Germany, forcing them to accept all of the blame for the war. It is a major cause of World War II. |
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| A political policy of the United States by President Theodore Roosevelt that states only the United States could intervene in the affairs of South America. |
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| An ideology where all social, economic, and political powers are centered in the government completely. |
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| Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after World War II. Included massive industrialization and farm collectivization, where peasants lived collectively on government owned farms, often resulted in widespread famine as many peasants resisted this policy. |
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A system of government that promotes extreme nationalism, repression, anticommunism, and is ruled by a dictator.
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| The policy of pacifying an aggressive nation in the hopes of avoiding further conflict. |
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