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| Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India. He is considered to be their greatest ruler, responsible for the expansion of his empire. |
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| Conquered most of the ancient world from Asia Minor to Egypt and India, beginning the Hellenistic culture of Greek, Persian, Indian and Egyptian values. |
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| Islamic mathematician who pioneered the study of algebra |
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| Greek mathematician and inventor. He worked on plane and solid geometry, arithmetic and mechanics. Best known for lever and pulley |
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| Greek scientist who first stated that the Earth revolved around the Sun and rotated on its axis. |
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| First emperor of Rome (27 BC-14 CE). He restored order and prosperity to the Empire after nearly a century of turmoil. Grandnephew to Julius Caesar |
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| Enlightenment thinker who introduced the system of checks and balances. |
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| Latin American revolutionary responsible for the ousting of Span from much of South America during the 19th century. George Washington of South America. |
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| Emperor of the French. Responsible for many French Revolution reforms as well as conquering most of Europe. He was defeated at Waterloo and died on the island of Saint Helena. |
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| Leader of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982. Relations with the West and the Soviet economy experienced a long period of stagnation. |
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| Roman general and statesman. Apart of the first Triumvirate. He set up the imperial system in Rome, and his grandnephew Augustus took the throne. |
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| Church reformer who is best known for developing the idea of predestination. |
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| French Cardinal and politician responsible for institution absolutist practices in France under Louis XIII |
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| Prime Minister of Sardinia, a large Italian State. He formed alliances with other foreign powers to help end Austria's and Spain's control. Helped unify Italy. (Brain) |
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| Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1937-1940. He is responsible for appeasement of Hitler. |
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| British politician and Prime Minster from 1940-1945 and 1951-1955. Iron Curtain speech. Lead Britain to victory in WWII. |
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| French Premier during WWI. He was one of the formulators of the Treaty of Versailles. |
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| Chinese philosopher and writer of the Analects, a collection of moral and social teachings, including the concept of the 5 relationships. Kong Fu Zi |
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| Roman Emperor between 306-337. He issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians. He also founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire. |
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| Spanish conquistador who was responsible for the conquest of the Aztec Empire and the claiming of much of Central America for the Spanish. |
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| Leader of the English Revolution that deposed the Stuart monarchs in favor of a short lived Republic. Cromwell acted as Lord Protector until the restoration of the Monarchy in 1660. It was a horrible time when people lived stark lives. |
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| French scientists who worked with radioactivity. |
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| Overthrown during the Russian Revolution of 1917. Later he and his family by the revolution's leadership. |
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| Portuguese explorer who established an all water route to India in 1498. |
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| Spiritual leader of the Tibetan sect of Buddhism, and is considered to be the reincarnation of the bodhisattva or buddha to be. |
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| Italian poet and Renaissance writer. He wrote The Divine Comedy |
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| King of Persia who expanded his empire to extend from the Mediterranean to the Indus River. |
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| Spanish Renaissance writer of Don Quixote. |
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| Latin American revolutionary. Worked with Simon Bolivar |
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| Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna |
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| Mexican general and dictator who controlled Mexico for more than 25 years. He lost a war with US which cost Mexico present day California, Nevada and New Mexico. |
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| Chinese Communist leader from 1978 to 1997 |
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| Enlightenment thinker who believed in the power of reason. |
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| Emperor of Rome who divided Rome into different provinces and districts. The east became the Byzantine Empire. |
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| Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time. |
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| Greek who measured the circumference of the Earth to around 15% |
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| King and Queen of Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. The funded Columbus |
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| Penicillium and the development of antibiotics |
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| President of Uganda from 1971-79. His brutal regime resulted in the death of hundreds of thousands of people. Overthrown and exiled to Saudi Arabia in 1979 |
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| Inventor who developed a more cost efficient process for making steel. |
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| German inventor that developed the gasoline internal combustion engine |
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| First to use the assembly line. Ford cars |
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| King of Prussia from 1740-68. Enlightened despot who enlarged Prussia by gaining land from Austria when Maria Theresa became Empress |
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| Military leader whose Red Shirt army liberated most of southern Italy, before conquering the northern section. |
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| Leader of the Soviet Union from 1985-1991. His policies of Perestroika and Glasnost contributed to the downfall of Communism. |
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| Latin American guerilla leader. He helped Castro lead the Cuban Revolution and was killed in Bolivia while trying to lead a revolution there |
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| King of England who transformed his country into a Protestant nation during the Reformation. Anglican Church. |
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Greek Physician
Father of Medicine, Hippocratic Oath. |
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| Emperor of Japan from 1926-1989. He is the last Japanese emperor to be considered divine. Led Japan through WWII |
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| Vietnamese leader who is responsible for ousting the French, then the US from his country. Vietnam is a communist nation with help from China and the USSR |
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| Wrote Leviathan where he favored an absolute government as the only means of balancing human interests and desires with the rights of live and property. |
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| President of Iraq since 1979, leading his control into 2 devastating wars. One was against Iran in 1980-88 and the Persian Gulf War in 1990-91. |
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| Islamic physician, wrote a book called Canon on Medicine, which was an encyclopedia of Greek, Arabic and his own knowledge of medicine. Standard medical text in Europe. |
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| The son of Maria Teresa and an enlightened despot who ruled over the Austrian Empire. |
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| King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany whose political policies led his country into WWI. He was forced from power when Germany lost the war. |
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| Independence leader who helped lead Kenya out of European imperialism after WWII. |
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| Leader of the SU from 1953-64. He was critical of Stalin's policies and attempted to reserve some of them. Cuban Missile Crisis. |
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| King of Belgium who began imperialistic trade inside of Africa which resulted in the Scramble for Africa. |
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| Bacteria caused Tuberculosis |
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| Grandson of Genghis Khan and set up the Yuan Dynasty in China. |
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| Germs cause post operative infections. Sterilization |
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| British Prime Minister from 1916-22, leading Britain through WWI. Formulated the Treaty of Versailles. |
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| Two Treaties on Government explained that all men have Natural Rights, which are Life, Liberty and Property and that the purpose of government was to protect these rights. |
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| Sun King, Palace of Versailles |
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| King of France between 1774-92. He was overthrown during the French Revolution and later beheaded. |
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| Founded the Society of Jesus, the order of the Jesuits. Provided strong Catholic leadership to monarchs across Europe during the Reformation. |
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| Spanish explorer who was the first to circumnavigate the globe |
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| Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East. |
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| Italian explorer and author who made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. |
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| An enlightened despot who ruled the Austrian Empire |
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| Nationalistic leader in Italy, who stated a groups called Young Italy in 1831, wanting to end foreign control of Italy. |
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| King of Upper Egypt, united the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt |
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| Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer and architect. Sistine Chapel and sculpture of David |
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| Former Yugoslavian President. He fought to keep non-Serbs from breaking away from Yugoslavia. He terrorized ethnic Albanians in Kosovo. NATO ended the violence and he was arrested. |
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| Italian Fascist leader who sided with Hitler and Germany in WWII. He was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance. |
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| Indian nationalist leader and the first prime minister of independent India from 1947-64. He worked with Gandhi to free India from Britain. |
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| Developed a steam engine powered by coal. |
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| Independence leader who help lead Ghana out of European imperialism after WWII |
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| Prime Minister of Italy during WWI. He was one of the formulators of the Treaty of Versailles. |
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| Dictator ruler of Iran from 1941-79, supported by the US throughout most of the Cold War due to his anti-Communist stance. Overthrown during the Iranian Revolution in 1979. |
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| Discovered the link between germs and disease |
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| Central ruler of Athens during its golden age in the 5th century CE. Skilled speaker, lead Delian League |
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| King of Spain from 1556-89. Absolute monarch who helped lead the counter reformation by persecuting Protestants. Sent the Spanish Armada against England |
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| Spanish Conquistador who was responsible for the conquest of the Incan Empire |
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| Chancellor of the Austro-Hungarian Empire between 1821-48, driven from power in the revolutions of 1848 |
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| Russian peasant and self-proclaimed holy man who ruled the Romanov family and advised the Czar's daughter Alexandra. His advice lead to the Russian Revolution |
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| Wrote the Social Contract, where he stated that people were basically good, and that society and its unequal distribution of wealth, were the cause of most problems. Government should be run according to the will of the majority, which he called the General Will, acting in the interest of the people. |
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| Zulu broadened their land claims throughout southern Africa. They had conflicts with the British before they eventually lost. |
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| The Wealth of Nations described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics. |
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| Chinese nationalist leader who fought to end foreign domination. He formed the Kuomintang or Nationalist Party, with overthrew the Manchu Dynasty and established a republican form of government in its place. (Sun Yat-sen) |
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| Emperor of the Roman Empire who is responsible for making the Christian religion the official religion of the empire. |
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| King of Sardinia from 1849-61, when he became king of a unified Italy until his death and 1878. |
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| French philosopher that believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. |
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| Prussian chancellor in 1862. Wanted to unify all the German states under Prussian control. Blood and Iron. Iron Chancellor 1871-90 |
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| Polish labor union leader and President of Poland from 1990-95. Instrumental in the collapse of communism and lead the Solidarity party. |
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| First Prime Minister of Britain from 1721-42 |
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| Steam engine became the power source of the Industrial revolution |
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| President of the US during WWI, formulating the Treaty of Versailles. Fourteen Points. |
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| President of Russia, elected before the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. He served until 1999. He was instrumental in keeping a coup d'etat from occurring which would have returned hard line communists to power in Russia. |
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| Chinese naval explorer who sailed along most of he coast Asia, Japan and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death. |
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| Traveled around Islamic world to Africa and Europe |
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| Current leader of the Philippines. Wife of Beningno. Trying to set up a democracy |
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| First president of Indonesia after it received independence from the Netherlands in 1954. Used "guided democracy", holding most of the power and relying on Communists. Military under Suharto took over in 1967. |
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| Owned an opposition to the Sandinista regime. She led a coalition against Daniel Ortega in 1990 and won. She is running a democratic government. |
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| Britain's first female Prime Minster. "Iron Lady", conservative party member, moved Britain away from socialist practices in favor of capitalism and privatization. First to see Gorbachev as a different king of Soviet leader. Refused to go along with a single European currency. |
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| Prominent playwright in Czechoslovakia and was elected President in December 1989. He faces economic and environmental problems. |
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| Led the Free French Forces in WWII against the Nazis. Became the President of France in 1958 under the Fifth French Republic. Gave Algeria independence. He wanted to make France a world power, withdrawing France from NATO, developed atomic weapons and voted to keep Great Britain out of the European Common Market. |
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| Leader if the Tanganyika African National Union. It later merged with Zanzibar to form Tanzania, remaining as President. |
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| Leading literary figure in Africa, ruling Senegal as its first President form 1960-80. African nationalism called negritude. |
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| Daughter of the former Prime Minister of Pakistan who was executed in 1979. First woman to head an Islamic country. |
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| Daughter of Nehru who became prime minister of India in 1966. Assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards and her son Rajiv took over. |
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| Organizer of the Muslim League and became the first leader of Pakistan in 1947. |
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| Leader of the Sandinistas. Ruled Nicaragua from 1967-79, setting up a Marxist government. |
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| Took a power in a coup in 1969 overthrowing Libya's monarchy. He followed Islamic fundamentalism and set up a religious state. He nationalized the foreign oil companies, allowed one political part and has supported terrorist groups in many countries. |
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| Athenian philosopher. Importance of learning and reason. Questioning system. Forced to commit suicide. |
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| Started the Academy. Student of Socrates and taught Aristotle. Advanced philosophy, logic, ethics, math and rhetoric |
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| Byzantine ruler and leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Created a code and built the Hagia Sophia. Married Theodora. |
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| Led a huge Frankish Empire. Spark in the Dark of the Middle Ages. |
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| Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520-66. He oversaw the Ottoman Golden Age in arts, architecture, education and literacy. |
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