warefare - biological agents used on people to acheive a military objective

terrorism - to achieve civil disruption, panic, or to instigate a crime

1. economically reasonable
2. capable of reaching intended target
3. cause limited collateral damage
4. to result in death

1. siege of Kaffa - hurled infected bodies over wall
2. Romans poisoned wells
3. Pontiacs rebellion - French and Indian War - gave indians variola laden blankets(smallpox)

• banned the use of biological agents in war.
• However treaty was never ratified by U.S. or Japan

ping Fan, Manchuria experiments?

what punishment did they recieve?

• JApan invaded China and developed a major biological weapons production and testing center.
• plague, anthrax, cholera
• tested thousands of POW's, Chinese citizens
• no crimes charged in exchange for BW data

• did testing of BW agents on navy ships in middle of atlantic.
• disseminated by Jets that would fly over
• 50% kill rate considered good

• renounced BW due to protest of use of chemicals in Vietnam.
• all offensive stocks of BW's gone by 1972

• banned all offensive stocks and programs for creating BW's
• termination of such programs
• Not effective: USSR continued assuming U.S. did as well.  Also no way to check to see if everyone was compying

• Soviet BW program that was umbrella'ed as a NGO.
• produced better BW's with more effective dispersal techniques

• huge BW facility that had 4500 workers.
• elaborate strains of every deadly agent out there

• Biopreparet - wanted to make a smallpox attack that much more effective
• had an extremely virulent strain produced taht would devastate the world with extremely efficient delivery systems

accident at Soviet production facility

accidently released anthrax spores to the public

• BW programs went with other countries( Iraq, Iran)
• funding cut
• only some of BW's accounted for

Bioterrorism:

Dalles Oregon?

Diane Thompson?

Larry Wayne Harris?

• spread shit on salad bars
• spread dysentary on muffins for coworkers
• Aryan Nation: if you arrest our guys you will get a test tube in the mail

• 11 inhalation- 5 died
• 12 cutaneous- 0 died
• 32,000 tested
•  cost $6 billion

• unethical
• hard to transport
• difficult to control spread
• pandoras box

Overt- event announced, microorg identified

Covert - unannounced, patients randomly fall ill, agent unknown

• A,B,C
• based on transmission from human to human
• ease to disseminate
• ease of production
• severity of infection

• A - most severe, easy to disseminate, easy to produce, high transmission rate
• B - 2nd severe, moderate to disseminate, moderate morbidity, low mortality
• C - agents that could be engineered, easy to get and produce, potential for high mortality

• 155 million people susceptible to smallpox( under 38)
• antidotes available
• detection services -surveillance across nation
• quick diagnostic test

at first in 1982, thought virus could be due to what 3 things?

what proved this wrong?

1. something in gay men
2. amyl nitrate
3. barage of STDs

• IV drug users and heterosexuals got the virus

once a daignostic blood test was developed in 1985 where was virus seen running rampid?

How were hemopheliacs getting infected?

WEst Africa

Blood supply was infected

• Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
• increased foreign aid to 15 countries for AIDS relief

• Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Treatment
• don't spread HIV through sex when on this treatment plan

Hows does AIDS affect:

-Immune System

-Nervous System

• Immune - WBC counts and helper T cells are killed off and body loses ability to fight off infections and viruses
• Nervous - infection can cross into brain and cause dementia, depression, slurred speach

1. shattered idea that ID's conquered
2. more open to homosexuality
3. science gained knowledge on T cells and viral infections can be treated
4. safe sex

• high health care cost overwhelming hospitals
• hindering education, killing teachers

• people unaware of having disease(asymptomatic)
• funding
• no education on it
• untruthful to partners
• denialism
• unwilling to get tested
• treatment cost
• no vaccine

• AZT off patent
• gates foundation
• UNAIDS
• Bono makes Jesse Helms cry
• treatable wiht HAART
• PEPFAR
• Global Fund

Spain, then taken over by France buccaneers

Western 1/3 then ceded to France in 1697

1791 to 1804

• unified Island and freed all slaves, became governor for life, Napoleon didnt like, Frances most profittable colony.
• French regain control and killed Loverture, but troops all died due to ID

1. took control of ports. Next to swamps with tons of malaria
2. burned cities therefore no medical supplies
3. French troops not exposed to ID's in HAiti at time

• racism
• too unstable, rulers constantly assassinated

• only supported Haiti when the rulers in power were to the liking of the US and good for their economic interests

• killed tourism and reduced foreign trade

• poltical will is needed to improve healthcare system infrastructure, education to improve workforce, and increase food source

• all imports to US are duty free
• hoping to jumpstart economy
• rice imports from US tax went down 32%- hurt haitian agriculture though

1. combining efforts of multiple organizations to one effort
2. develop healthcare infrastructure
3. scientific development - vaccines etc.
4. Religious, social, cultural considerations
5. legal protection of groups/ confidentiality