kinds on turning points

1.evolution

2.revolution

1.Evolution: is the gradual change or development of something. 

-ex: development of democracy in Great Britain.

2. revolution: sudden or abrupt, usually political

-ex: french revolution, over a few years france went through: absolute monarchy, constitution monarchy, democratic republic and dictatorship

Neolithic Revolution

MAJOR TURNING POINT

Background

-During Paleolithic Age ((750,000 BCE - 10,000 B.C.E.) Old stone age-charecterized by the use of stone tools, hunting and gathering). 

-nomadic people, men hunted while females gathered. they used spears and axes more from bone, wood and stone.

 -once the cultivation of crops and domesticated animals (agriculture) came into being, the Neolithic began. permanent settlements also started.

-social classes rose, and eventually civilizations

neolithic revolution

discoveries

-discorvery of new agriculture (crops, and domestic animals)

-villages

-social classes (determined by your job; farmer, craftsman, priest, and warrior)

-technology; calender, tools like plows, metal, new weapons

neolithic revolution

effects

villages started around rivers:

Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Yellow, and Indus Rivers

-these led to major civilizations like:

Egypt, Mesopotamia, China and India

commercial revolution

 background

-effects

-end of European Middle Ages

-Cathlic Church started holy wars against Muslims (crusades)

-original plan did not succeed

-trade increased however (increasing cultral diffusion between Islam and Europe)

-new practices in business started, starting the commercial revolution

-effects-revival of art, literature and science (rennaisance)

-decline of fuedalism

commercial revolution

Resurgence of Trade

-1300's, Italian City states became center of growing trade

-Venice was the most rich and powerful

-trade fairs located throughout trade routes

-towns eventually grew from these trade fairs

commercial 

black plague

-bubonic plague, started in the 1100's.

-due to large interaction between Middle East and Europe

-Europe lost 1/3 of the population to death

-decline in economy

-weakening of fuedelism

-in china, 35,000 pepole died

-in egypt, 7,000 died a day at its height

commercial

innovations in business

1.guilds

2.capitalism

1.guilds- trade associations of merchants andcraft workers. all workers of one craft would come together and set a price for thier products. dominated economic life and were the main mode of production

2.capitalism- emerged with decline of fuedalism. based on trade and capital, money for investment. higher demands= higher price and profit.

reformation

1.background

2. causes

1.leaders: Martin Luther and John Calvin, both educated priests of the Church

-protests against preceived wrong doings by the church

-followers known as protestants (protestors)

2.church corruption-1500's, most wealthy and powerful in Europe. became increasingly involved in politics. to raise money to be involved in politics, they raised fees on services like marriage and baptism. sold indulgences, letter of forgiveness for one's sins.

reformation

Martin Luther

-german monks worried about indulgences

-in 1517, wrote the 95 theses and posted it on the doors of the Wittenburg church.

-he refused to take it back, so the Church excommunicated (To exclude a Christian from receiving the Sacraments) him.

-his book spread fast due to the printing press, and sparked reformation

-his belief was salvation through faith in god only. he did not believe the pope or preists had any special powers to forgive one's sins

reformation

John Calvin

-another priest against the church

-his belief was Predestination. you achieved salvation through only god (no pope or priest's help), but people were "predestined". if you did good things, you would continue and not do bad, and you were preselected. if you did bad things, you were not preselected. Everyone believed they were preselected, because once you did one good thing that meant you were. they continued to do good things out of pride in themselves. this was VERY effective.

reformation

Counter the Church

reformation

Society of Jesus

reformation

effects

exploration

1.background

2.water routes and discoveries

1.rise of trade in the Middle Ages, with trade routes established in the mediterranean and the middle east.

when the ottoman empire expanded, Europe had to find other ways to trade. this eld to water routes to asia, and eventually the discovery of America

2.Porteguese started the water routes to Asia from the coast of Africa.

1488-Martholomue Dias; rounded the southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope)

1492-Christopher Columbus; discovered America

exploration

1.imperialism

2.columbian exchange

3.effects

1.European countries fought for colonies all over the world. these colonies had raw meterial and used as new markets. This started the loss of life and culture due to their little regard for indigenous people. Slave from Africa were transported to America

2.it was the exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas and technology. started by columbus. both positive (technology) and negative things (illness).

old world to new world:

• wheat
• sugar
• bananas
• rice
• grapes
• horses
• pigs
• cattle
• sheep
• chickens
• smallpox
• measles
• typhus

enlightenment

1.thomas hobbes

2.john locke

3.voltaire

4.montesque

5.jean jacques rousseau

1. wrote the leviathan, favored absolutism. believed man was greedy, selfish and cruel. believed in the Social Contract (people form social contract w government, where all rights are given up for protection). did not support revolutions

2. wrote Two Treaties on Government, favored Natural rights (life, libert and property), and a government was to protect these. supported limited government and right to revolt in a bad government

3. believed in freedom of speech as best weapon against government. spoke out against french government, and Catholic Church.

4.wrote The Spirit of the Laws. believes government should divide powers (Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branch). each branch was to watch over each other.

5.wrote a book, the Social Contract. said government with unequal wealth was the cause of most problems. believed the Government should have a General Will (run according to the will of majority and always acts in the best interest of the people).

scientific revolution

scientists

1. copernicus

2.galileo

3.newton

4.effects

1. created Heliocentric model, (the sun being center, with planet revolving around it). They did not believe him even with his calculations and stuck with the geecentric model. 

2.continued copernicus' work by telescope, and proved copernicus right again. the Church made him recant (take back) his findings or face execution

3.built upon the earlier works of the two, and used mathematics to describe gravity in space (planets revolving around sun, moon around us) and on earth (apple off the leaning tower of piza)

4. medicines, physics and biology

-helped stimulate individualism, and belief in equal rights

-led to the

-glorious revolution,

-american revolution

-french revolution

-latin american revolutions 

- Great Britain and United States government based upon enlightenment theories

-Enlightened Despots (monarchs controlling their country with enlightened ideas while keeping the throne)

-Austria's Maria Teresa and her son Joseph II: provided free education, ended censorship

-Russia's Cathrine the Great: similar reforms, relgious tolerence and free education, edvice from both nobles and peasents.

political revolutions

american revolution

-cause: 13 colonies were upset over lack of representation in the british parliament and over-taxing. protests lasted until July 4th, when they declared independence. war followed

-effects:based upon enlightenment ideas, they became a symbol of freedom. Constitution became a model for liberal government

-causes: political, social and economic causes. Basic rights were denied, absolute monarchy and the 3 estates (social class). 3rd estate had the fewest rights, heaviest taxes, and least land (98% of pop.) Each class had 1 vote, so they were underrepresented (usually a 2:1 ratio vote, and they lost). France was in financial crisis from overspending. Bad harvest maent food shortages.

-effects: became an example for other nations, democratic  ideas of "liberty, fraternity and equality spread. nationalism spread, eventually leading to unification of Italy and Germany. Middle class dominated.

political reovlutions

french revolution

3 stages

led to...

1.reform - 1789-91

2.radical 1792-93

-causes: excessive spending nd foreign wars

-guillotine ( machine that chopped off people's heads)

     -20,000-40,000 died at this

     -King Louis and Marie Antoinette were killed by this

-Robesppierre, Marat and Danton

      -committees of PUBLIC SAFETY

      -leaders of REIGN OF TERROR

3.Moderate 1795-99

-directory of five men

     -spread out power

     -odd number, majority vote

-two house legislative

led to Napolean's Reign

russian revolution

1.causes

2.effects

1. Russian Czars wanted to westernize and industrialize without the liberal ideas. This was unsuccessful, and russian liberals called for reform. The Czars became harsh. A rigid social class worsened it, by denying basic rights to the peasants. Peasents liked liberal ideas.

in 1905, a small revolution forced Czar Nicholas II to make reforms, though they did not last. As Russia suffered defeats during WWI, the country faced food shortages, fuel shortages and housing problems. People began to revolt.

in 1917 a temporary government was set up. it was slow in raecting to problems, so a group known as the Bolsheviks took control. this is called the Bolshevik or Communist Revolution. they were led by Vladimir Lenin, and later renamed themselves communists.

2.effects-became first government based off of Karl Marx's writings. The Russian empire was renamed Soviet Union.