Term
| What are the 3 main extra-intestinal organs of the GIT? |
|
Definition
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas |
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Term
| Name 3 pathologies related to the liver and gallbladder? |
|
Definition
- Biliary colic
- Jaundice
- Cirrhosis |
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Term
| What is their primary function? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| (T/F) Secretion only occurs as needed |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the function of the gallbladder, related to bile secretion? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Which is the first organ in the body to receive nutrients and blood borne antigens? How does this explain the resilience of this organ? |
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Definition
| The liver; it must be resilient because it is the first to contact |
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Term
| What two reasons contribute to the tolerance of injury to the liver? |
|
Definition
- Biochemistry
- Its regenerative capacity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A blockage of biliary outflow in the cystic duct, common bile duct |
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|
Term
| What is the usual cause of this? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| (T/F) The blockage can never occur transiently |
|
Definition
| False, blockage can occur both transiently or be sustained |
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|
Term
| What percentage of adults have gallstones, and what percent of these display symptoms? |
|
Definition
| 10-20%; only 1-3 have symptoms |
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Term
| What is the main symptom seen with a biliary colic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is complicated gallstone disease? |
|
Definition
| Biliary colic that displays symptoms, caused by gallstone |
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|
Term
| What is the mortality rate for those with comlicated gallstone disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can occur if complicated gallstone disease goes untreated? |
|
Definition
| Gallbladder perforation (rupture) |
|
|
Term
| What is the mortality rate of perforated gallbladder disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 4 treatment strategies are used for treatment of biliary colics? |
|
Definition
1. Removal of stone
2. Removal of bladder
3. Lithotripsy (Dissolution of stone)
4. Drugs |
|
|
Term
| What does jaundice indicate? |
|
Definition
| High blood levels of bilirubin |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) Jaundice indicates a problem with the gallbladder |
|
Definition
| False, it indicates pathology of the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Too much created in blood
2. Not enough removed by the liver
3. Not enough removed FROM the liver |
|
|
Term
| What would cause bilirubin accumulation in the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a common cause of jaundice? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (T/F) Hepatitis is a virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A liver disease called by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) Hepatitis can cause segregated incidents, or epidemics, and can affect anyone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the cause, carrier and infection type of hepatitis A? |
|
Definition
- Infectious hepatitis
- Water/envmt
- Acute |
|
|
Term
| List the cause, carrier and infection type of hepatitis B? |
|
Definition
- Serum hepatitis
- Blood/secretions
- Carrier (asymptomatic) and chronic |
|
|
Term
| List the cause, carrier and infection type of hepatitis C? |
|
Definition
- NonA/NonB
- Blood/envmt
- Acute |
|
|
Term
| List the cause, carrier and infection type of hepatitis D/E? |
|
Definition
- D comes with B; E is acute
- Blood/envmt
- Acute |
|
|
Term
| What causes toxic hepatitis? |
|
Definition
| Acetominophen, alcohol, benzene |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) Hepatitis B is a common cause of cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the common pathologies associated with HepB? |
|
Definition
| Lifelong infection, cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver, liver cancer and death |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) Hepatitis C is one of the only viruses that can be cured |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many cases of infection are cured on their own? How many need intervention? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of cases needing intervention are successful, and how many are not? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (T/F) Unsuccessful Hep C intervention is the leading cause of liver transplant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does hepatitis cause in the liver acutely? Chronically? |
|
Definition
| Hepatitis causes inflammation acutely; if this infection continues chronically, it causes cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Loss of liver cell function
- Reduced bloodflow through liver |
|
|
Term
| What 3 things does loss of liver function cause? |
|
Definition
- Increased circulating bilirubin
- Decreased bile production, resulting in decreased fat absorption, glucose
- Impaired detoxification, impaired urea formation, and encephalopathy |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) Hepatitis is linear, and often the course is short lived |
|
Definition
| False, it is progressive, lengthy and variable |
|
|
Term
| Describe the progression of alcoholic liver disease |
|
Definition
| Fatty liver causes alcoholic hepatitis, which causes cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
| Which aspect is reversible, which is survivable, which is lethal? |
|
Definition
- Fatty liver is reversible
- Alcoholic hepatitis is survivable
- Cirrhosis is lethal |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) the Mediterranean diet prolongs lifespan |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe how blood flow restriction leads to ascites? |
|
Definition
1. Fibrosis restricts blood flow; increased portal vein pressure
2. Collaterals acquire increased pressure,
affecting spleen and lower esophagus (varices)
3. Ascites due to fluid shift into peritoneum |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 functions of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
1. Exocrine secretion of enzymes and bicarbonate
2. Endocrine secretion of insulin |
|
|
Term
| What enzymes are synthesized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 5 causes of pancreatitis |
|
Definition
1. Gallstone
2. Alcoholic
3. Infectious
4. Cystic fibrosis
5. Cancer |
|
|
Term
| List the course of infectious pancreatits, if untreated |
|
Definition
| 1. Decreased function 2. Pain 3. Complications 4. Perforation 5. Peritonitis (due to autodigestion) |
|
|
Term
| What is seen in pancreatitis caused by cystic fibrosis? |
|
Definition
| Impaired secretion of enzymes |
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