Term
What do the following terms mean in toxicology:
Threshold Effect
Threshold Limit
Ceiling Effect |
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Definition
Threshold Effect: Range where tox is first seen
Threshold Limit: Permissible Exposure
Ceiling Effect: Increasing dose does not change response |
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Term
| Anelin Dye increases the risk of what cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cancer associated with Vinyl chloride exposure? |
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Definition
| Angiosarcoma of the liver |
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Term
What cancers are associated with smoking?
Other Conditions? |
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Definition
Cancers
Larynx
Esophogus
Lung
Pancreas
Bladder
Kidney
Others:
Cardiovascular Disease
Emphysema
Low birthweight |
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Term
What is leukoplakia?
What does it indicate?
What is erythroplakia?
What are the risk factors that can cause both?
What food increases the risk of mouth cancer? |
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Definition
White plaque on mucousal membranes that does not scrape off
Precancerous lesion
Erythroplakia: Red velvety lesion
Risk Factors
Tobacco
Alcohol
Chronic Irritants
HPV
Food: Betal Nuts |
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Term
| Carcinoma of what area of the mouth has the worst prognosis? |
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Definition
| Mouth floor and base of the tongue |
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Term
| What is the most common symptom of laryngeal cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
Major health complications of Alcohol?
What cancers are associated?
What nutritional deficiency? |
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Definition
Gastritis
Liver Change: Fatty, Steatohepatitis, Cirrhosis
Cardiomyopathy (dialated)
Decreased Fertility
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Pancreatitis
Deficiency
Thiamine->Wernerke/Korsakoff's, Beri-Beri
Encephalopathy is damage to mamillary body
Cancers
Liver
Esophogus
Pharynx |
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Term
| What is the renal complication ethylene gycol? |
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Definition
| Oxalate Crystal deposition |
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Term
| Complications of Estrogen therapy |
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Definition
Endometrial Carcinoma
Thromboembolism(synthetic estrogens)
Lipids:
Estrogen raises HDL and lowers LDL
Progestins Lower HDL and raise LDL
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Term
What is a rare complication of Oral contraceptives?
What are some protective effects of Oral contraceptives? |
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Definition
Hepatic Adenoma
Protective: Endometrial cancer, Ovarian Cancer |
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Term
| What are the complications of acute Aspirin and chronic injestion? |
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Definition
Acute: Respiratory Alkalosis with metabolic acidosis
Chronic
Tinnitus/Hearing Loss
Renal Papillary Necrosis
Erosive Gastritis
Bleeding |
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Term
| Sign of acute carbon monoxide posioning |
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Definition
| Cherry Red Mucosal Membranes |
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Term
| Complications of Asbestos exposure? |
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Definition
Lung Carcinoma
Mesothelioma |
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Term
| What are the complications of aliphatic hydrocarbons such as Carbon tetrachloride and Chloroform |
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Definition
| Liver and Kidney toxicity |
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Term
| What is the complication of benzene inhalation? |
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Definition
Marrowtoxic
Aplastic Anemia
Acute leukemia |
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Term
| What cancer is associated with chimney sweepers? |
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Definition
| Soot can cause Scrotal cancer |
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Term
| Major complications of Lead Exposure |
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Definition
Lead Lines Bones and Gums
Mental deterioration
Intestinal Agitation
Microcytic hypochromatice hemolytic anemia
Anemia shows erythrocyte basophilic stippling |
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Term
Complications of Nickel exposure?
Where is it most likely encountered? |
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Definition
Contact dermatitis
Carciogen if inhaled
Encountered: Nickel-Cadmium batteries |
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Term
| Signs of Mercury poisoning |
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Definition
Renal Failure
Dementia
Mental Retardation |
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Term
| What are the complications of arsenic exposure |
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Definition
| Skin, Liver, and Lung Cancer |
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Term
| What can cause nasal cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| What cancer does Aflatoxin cause |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the effects of ergot alkaloids |
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Definition
Gangrene
Convulsions
Abortions |
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Term
| What are the areas affected by increasing doses of full body irradition? |
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Definition
Hepatopoietic
GI
CNS: requires highest exposure |
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Term
| What are the acute and delayed effects of radiation? |
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Definition
Acute: Edema and Atrophy
Chronic:
Fibrosis of any organ
Malignancy(papillary throid is high) |
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Term
WHat are the different degrees of burns?
What is the rule of 9's? |
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Definition
1st: epithelium
2nd: superficial dermis
3rd/4th: full skin
Rule of nine's: 9% of body Surface Area for each of the following
Anterior Right Torso
Anterior Left Torso
Posterior Right Torso
Posterior Left Torso
Anterior Right Leg
Anterior Left Leg
Posterior Rigth Leg
Posterior Left Leg
Right Arm
Left Arm
Full Head |
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Term
| Causes of Pneumoconiosis? |
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Definition
Coal Worker's
Silicosis
Asbestos |
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Term
How is malnourishment differentiated from maramus clinically?
What is the distinguishing feature of kwashiorkor over maramus?
What are some signs of kwashiokor?
What is the only area of the body contains alot of fat in kwashiokor's? |
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Definition
Malnourishment: 80% of Body Weight
Marasmus: 60% of Body Weight
Kwashiorkor has severe edema from low albumin
Flaky paint Sign: Altering sites of hyper and hypopigmentation
Flag Sign: Alternating pale and dark hair with loss of color
Fatty: Liver Steatosis |
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Term
Signs of Vitamin A deficiency
Signs of Acute Toxicity |
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Definition
Night vision problems
Xeropthalmia
Bitot spots-Keratin in superficial conjunctiva
Keratomalacia: corneal erosion
Squamous metaplasia
Dermatosis
Acute Toxicity(Pseudotumor Cerebri)
Papillaedema
Headache
Vomiting |
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Term
| Complications of Vitamin E deficiency |
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Definition
Spinocerebellar degeneration
Myopathy, Ataxia, Decreased reflexes/sensation
Hemolytic Anemia |
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Term
Vit K dependant clotting factors
When is Clotting factor deficiency common? |
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Definition
2,7,9,10,C, and S
Causes of Deficiency:
Newborns
Antibiotics
Fat Malabsorption
Liver Disease |
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Term
| Complications of Thiamine Deficiency |
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Definition
Dry beriberi: Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
Wet Beriberi: High output heart failure
Wernerke(mamillary body atrophy)
Nystagmus
Opthalmoplegia
Anisocoria
Ataxia
Confusion
Korsakoff(mamillary body atrophy)
Anterograde/Retrograde Memory Loss
Confabulation
Psycosis |
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Term
| Complications of Niacin deficiency? |
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Definition
Pellagra
Dermatitis
Dementia
Diarrhea |
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Term
| Complications of Vit C deficiency |
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Definition
Hemorrhage
Skin
Gingiva
Periosteal hematoma
Intracranial
Abnormal Wound Healing |
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Term
What are the causes of Megaloblastic Anemia?
Which is responsible for neural tube defects and which is for irreversible neural injury? |
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Definition
Folate or B12 deficiency
Neural tube: Folate
Neural: B12 |
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Term
| What drug combo is most likely to produce renal papilary necrosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does radon exposure lead to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common cause of death before age 34? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How does vitamin D deficiency manifest in Infants, children and Adults? |
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Definition
Infants: Square Head
Children:
Lordosis
Bowing
Rachitic Rosary: knobs on end of ribs
Pigeon Breast Deformity: inward indentation from breathing force on ribs
Adults: Osteomalacia |
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Term
Common features of B6 and B2 deficiency?
Which has ocular signs? |
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Definition
Glossitis
Cheilosis
Dermatitis
Ocular: B2 |
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