Term
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Definition
| maintenance or preservation of immediate internal environment in the presence of changing external influences. cells either adapt, or are injured |
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Term
| organizational units (cells) combine into what? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 4 tissue types? |
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Definition
| epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous |
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Term
| what are the main functions of tissues? |
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Definition
| pretective, supportive, communication, motility, transportation, storage |
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Term
| all of these tissue functions undergo adaptations to perform their functions. give an example of that. |
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Definition
| mechanical trauma to the epithelial tissue causing calluses. increase bone density in response to strength training. changing of synapses to facilitate better nerve communcations |
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Term
| what are the components of the plasma membrane |
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Definition
| integral and peripheral proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids. the structure of the glycolipids and proteins affect cell signaling and behavior |
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Term
| oxygen, ethanol, CO2. these all do what with respect to the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| what compounds passively diffuse through the membrane? |
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Definition
| lipids, lipid soluble things, and gas molecules |
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Term
| what compounds use facilities diffusiol |
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Definition
| largery hydrophilic molecutes like glucose that require a protein carrier |
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Term
| how is active transport powered? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are types of bulk transport |
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Definition
| endocytosis, exocytosis, and pinocytosis (uptake of small volumes of extracellular fluid) |
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Term
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Definition
| tightly coiled inactive chromatin. it is located around the periphery of the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| it is chromatin that is active in RNA synthesis. it is dispersed throughout the nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| it is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly. these are then transported to the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| it is the coding of DNA into RNA. RNA polymerase binds to DNA at a promotor sequence with the help of transcription factors, and it zips along, transcriping mRNA |
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Term
| How is the direct RNA transcript processed? |
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Definition
| introns are spliced out. there is a 5' cap added, and a polyA tail. |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA that carries the amino acids to the ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA that forms the ribosomal subunits |
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Term
| What does the rough ER do? |
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Definition
| it produces proteins destined for export, lysosomal proteins, and integral proteins. this is well developed in active cells. |
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Term
| where do the proteins produced by free ribosomes go? |
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Definition
| they are destined for the cytoplasm, mitochondria, or nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| they align mRNA strands with tRNA to add amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain. |
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Term
| what does the golgi apparatus do? |
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Definition
| it is involved in post translational modification such as glycosylation, or sorting of proteins into secretory vesicles or lysosomes. |
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Term
| What does the smooth ER do? |
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Definition
| it is involved in lipid synthesis and membrane synthesis and repair. it produces cholesterol and phospholipids for the membrane, and triglycerides for the cytoplasm. |
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Term
| what are the components of connective tissue? |
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Definition
| cellular components (very small %) fibrillar processes (fibers), and ground substance (interfibrillar) |
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Term
| what is the function of connective tissue? |
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Definition
| transport of nutrients and wastes. storage of metabolites (adipocytes) substrate for defense response (immunity and inflammation), and it is the basis for tissue repair following injury. |
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Term
| where do connective tissues develop from? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some fixed connective tissue cells |
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Definition
| fibroblasts, chondroblast, osteoblasts, mast cells, osteoclasts (maybe) adipose, mesenchyme cells |
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Term
| what are some transient connective tissue cells? |
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Definition
| lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, plasma cells. |
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Term
| what is the structure of the extracellular matric fibrillar component |
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Definition
| elastin and collagen. (see slide ~21 for more structure) |
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Term
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Definition
| garbage disposal of the cell. |
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Term
| what is the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary lysosomes? |
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Definition
| primary lysosomes bud from the golgi apparatus. secondary lysosomes or endosomes are what results from the fusion of a primary lysosome and a phagosome formed via endocytosis. tertiary lysosomes are debri filled vacuoles (like what is formed when a lysosome finishes off an engulfed bacteria. |
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Term
| what are peroxisomes and what do they do? |
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Definition
| they contain oxidases which break down (oxidize) toxic substances like phenols, alcohols, etc. |
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Term
| what is the process of receptor mediated endocytosis? |
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Definition
| the ligand binds to receptors in preformed coated pits. the inside surface of this membrane is coated with a protein clathrin. this membrane then pinches in, so our ligand is inside and the clathrin coat outside. |
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Term
| what path does an exported protein follow? |
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Definition
| RER->Golgi->golgi->membrane |
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Term
| What is the immediate source of energy production? |
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Definition
| Free ATP and creatine phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoplasmic breakdown of glucose (limited by yield and byproducts) Oxygen is a limiting factor, when it is absent you can make a lot of lactic acid |
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Term
| What is the aerobic pathway? |
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Definition
| instead of making lactate like glycolysis, you make pyruvate, which can go into the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. generates a LOT of ATP (36-38 atp) |
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Term
| what is the function of lipid biosynthesis? |
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Definition
| it is the repair, replace damaged and worn membranes, it stores excess energy, and can be used in lipid transport, and steroid hormone production |
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Term
| what are the precursors of lipids? |
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Definition
| fatty acids, triglycerides (both made in cytosol), and cholesterol and phospholipids (formed in sER) |
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Term
| what is the function of the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
| structural support and polarity. movement of intracellular organells, cell division role, and locomotion and contractility of muscle |
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Term
| what microfilaments are present in the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
| action and myosin. g-actin are the subunits that polymerize into f-actin (matrix) |
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Term
| what are intermediate filaments? |
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Definition
| intermediate filaments self assemble into larger filaments which function to bind intracellular structures to each other and to plasma membrane proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| alhpa and beta tubulin protines, these polymerize into a polarized hollow tube. these are important in nerve transmission, cilia, flagella, and have a role in mitosis. |
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Term
| what are the molecular motors along the actin filaments? |
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Definition
| myosin, dynein (-), and kinesin (+) |
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Term
| what is a growth cone on a nerve cell? |
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Definition
| A growth cone is a dynamic, actin-supported extension of a developing axon seeking its synaptic target |
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Term
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Definition
| regenerating axons form many sprouts, most of which don't find their target, but some find Schwann cell tubes that they can connect with |
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Term
| what is a tight (occluding) junction? what is its function? |
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Definition
| a tight junction is beneath the apical surface of epithelial tissue and it seals the intercellular spaces. |
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Term
| what is an anchoring (adhering) junction, and what is its function? |
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Definition
| an anchoring junction binds the epithelium to the cytoskeleton which effectively links cells into a single unit. |
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Term
| what are the discrete patches holding the cells together? |
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Definition
| desmosomes or macula adherans. these are very highly present in cardiac muscle |
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Term
| epithelial tissue. what is the apical surface? what is the basolateral surface? |
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Definition
| The apical region is defined as the area lying above the tight junctions and contains the apical membrane which faces the lumen or the outer surface. The basolateral region is the side that is below the tight junctions and contains the basolateral membrane which is in contact with the basal lamina |
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Term
| Where is epithelial tissue attached? (and what is the "glue" or connective tissue) |
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Definition
| it is attached to a basement membrane or basal lamina. the "glue" is most likely collagen type IV |
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Term
| how are epithelium classified, and what are their specializations? |
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Definition
| Simple, stratified, pseudostratified, shape (cuboidal, columnar), surface specializations "cilia, microvilli, keratin) |
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Term
| what do the carbohydrates do to the charge on the outer surface of the membrane? |
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Definition
| they impart a negative charge |
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Term
| what does cholesterol do to the membrane? |
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Definition
| contributes to fluidity and stability of the membrane |
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Term
| what are some specific plasmam membrane proteins? |
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Definition
| aquaporins, carrier molecules, docking marker acceptors, membrane bound enzymes, receptor sites. cell adhesion molecules, recognition molecules. |
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Term
| what are some large or polar molecules that cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| glucose, H+, Na+, Ca2+, amino acids |
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Term
| fick's law of diffusion says that rate of diffusion is dependent on what? |
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Definition
| concentration gradient, surface area of the membrane, lipid solubility (membrane fluidity, or ease of flow in membrane), molecular weight, distance of diffusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| concentration gradient X area X permeability |
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Term
| what is the difference between osmotic pressure vs hydrostatic pressure? |
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Definition
| osmotic pressure is the pulling force driving water towards solute/high concentrations. hydrostatic pressure (or water pressure) is driving water in a specific direction (high to low) |
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Term
| What is carrier mediated transport vs vesicular transport? |
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Definition
| carrier mediated is where a protein binds the molecule, the protein flips, and then the molecule is released inside the cell. this can be active or passive. |
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Term
| what is an example of facilitative diffusion? how is this process regulated? |
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Definition
| glut 4 receptors and glucose. insulin and exercise |
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Term
| what type of transport can be used to move something against its concentration gradient? |
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Definition
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Term
| sodium potassium pump. what does this do? |
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Definition
| it moves sodium outside the cell (against its gradient) and potassium inside the cell (against its gradient) this sets up a membrane potential that we can use for secondary active transport |
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Term
| what is the resting membrane potential? |
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Definition
| the inside of the cell is slightly negative, and the outside is slightly positive. |
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Term
| what causes the membrane potential? |
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Definition
| differences in concentration and permeability of key ions (sodium and potassium) due to some fixed negative charges inside the cell that cannot move! |
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Term
| membranes effectively act as a capacitor, which does what? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is more permeable, sodum or potassium? |
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Definition
| potassium is 25-75 times more permeable. |
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Term
| What factors in the nernst equation affect the electrochemical gradient? |
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Definition
| temperature, the electric charge of the ion, the ion concentration inside, and the ion concentration outside. |
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Term
| how does K ion contribute to the resting membrane potential? |
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Definition
| the K+ leaks out of the cell down its gradient, the excess charge builds up inside the cell as A- cannot cross the membrane. this forms the electrical gradient. the charges attract K= ions back into the cell down the electrical gradient. then the net movement of K= stops, we have reached the point where the electrical gradient (charge) opposes the chemical gradient (concentration) equally. for potassium its -90mV. |
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Term
| how does Na ion contribute to the resting membrane potential.? |
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Definition
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Term
| at rest neurons are permeable to what ions? |
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Definition
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Term
| permeability is a huge part of the goldman equation for membrane potentials. what does this mean as far as the contributions of K+ and Na+ towards the membrane potential? |
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Definition
| since K+ is many many times more permeable, it contributes much more to the membrane potential. So we see that the resting potential (-65mV) is much closer to K+ (-90mV) than Na+(+60 mV) |
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