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Details Title: Geology Description: test 2 Total Flash Cards: 74 Created: 03/02/2004 18:31:30	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term Sedimentary Black Rocks Definition organic, marine or lake deposits, build up of carbon, abundance of iron NO OXYGEN Term Sedimentary Red Rocks Definition prescence of oxygen, flood plain deposits, subaerial exposure, red clay Term Sedimentary Green Rocks Definition Reducing potassium, transitional shelf, fish fecies Term matrix Definition holds grains together, calcite, clay, hallite, oxides, silica, crystallizes in pore spaces Term sorting Definition distribution of grain size Term well-sorted Definition grains are all the same Term poor-sorted Definition larger and smaller grains, not all similar Term as energy ____ the ____ the sediments Definition decreases, finer increases, larger Term rounded rocks Definition rounded because of water, forms conglomerate Term angular rocks Definition breccia-not enough force to make smooth Term mudcracks Definition dried out mud- top layer fills it in Term crossbedding Definition cross stratification- the top has bigger rocks, and the bottom has smaller rocks...the energy increases Term graded bedding Definition top has smaller rocks and the bottom has bigger rocks- energy decreases Term RIPPLE MARKS Definition symetric- water moving back and forth, like in a lake or ocean-stagnant water asymetric-water moving in a certain direction - rivers --upstream the ripples are to the right --downstream the ripples are to the left Term Geopetal structures Definition ripple marks, crossbedding, mudcracks, tracks, fossils, sole marks --tells where beds are supposed to be Term sole marks Definition negative impression of ripple marks Term Lithic sandstone Definition havent become full minerals-lots of fragments- --fine-grained mud < 15% --quarts is more rounded formed on deltanic plain Term feldspar(sandstone and sand) Definition chemical dissolution Term quartz(sandstone and sand) Definition on beach and continental shelf -well sorted -well rounded ripple marks shallow environment crossbedding Term arkose Definition 25% or more feldspar quartz-angular to subangular bottom of mountain breccia moderatly well sorted Term Graywackes Definition grey, fine-grained mud poorly sorted some angular, some rounded deep marine fossils matrix constitues 30% calcite Term turbidite Definition graded bedding (particles are big on bottom and small on top) Term Limestone Definition fossiliferious limestone crystalline limestone-micrite oolitic limestone-shallow marine areas only on shelf like platforms Term Carbonate sedimentation Definition shallow;clear water tropical marine phytoplankton-single cell organisms in top zooplankton-little shells known as tests-sink to bottom and use calcite Term shale Definition fissile-breaks along plane --represent different deposit periods forms in water quartz -shallow seas micateous shale-no extensive weathering ---comes from deltas chlorite-bright green-deposits of turbitity Term rock unity formation Definition mapable rock unit -represeents time deposition Term facies Definition represents an aspect of a specific environment Term brule Definition #1-avid and windblown #2-wetter portions of the unit Term sea level changes-global sea level Definition eustatic-always changing -->polar ice caps -midocean ridges -midocean basalt (check out page 88) Term transgression/regression Definition sea level rises/sea level lowers Term transgression can be seen by Definition limestone on top shale sand Term regression Definition sand on top shale limestone Term Walters principle Definition the layers were all deposited horisontally Term Palentology Definition sudy of old life Term fossil biases Definition abundance and size biological destruction mechanical destruction chemical destruction post mortem transport high percentage of mineral matter favorable environments survival of sediments Term abundance and size(fossil biases) Definition -the more abundant the easier to find -the bigger the item, the easier to find Term biological destruction(fossil biases) Definition -taphonomy -scavenging animals eat fossils -rotting maggots and flies eat -decomposition by bacteria -anoxic environment stops rotting -boring-drill into shells Term mechanical destruction(fossil biases) Definition non-living destruction (fire, volcano, water, surf, cars) wind blows away leaves, pollin surf beats away and shatters fossils fluvial process-running water ruins it trampling-walking on top of rocks, driving on top of it Term chemical destruction(fossil biases) Definition -ground water dissolves it -acid rain-fizzes and dissolves w/ HCL Term post mortem transport Definition where fossils go after death -if its not buried, then it cant fossilize Term high percentage of mineral matter Definition -hard parts -must have bones, enamel (in teeth) pollin -something has to be there to fossilize Term favorable environments for burial Definition marine!!! is the best epifaunal-live above the bottom infaunal-live below the bottom benthic-at the bottom of the ocean Terrestrial environments-- -fluvial-running water (pond lakes, swamp, sinkhole, cave, tarpits) Term Lagerstatten Definition perfect preservation -soft parts are also preserved Term unaltered preservation locations Definition frozen, trapped in amber, encased in tar, desiccation(dried out) Term altered hard parts Definition premineralization, replacement, mold, recrystallization, carbonization Term premineralization Definition spaces filled up with sillica, iron oxide and calcite(marine) Term replacement Definition molecules are all replaced by other molecules -mostly happens to wood Term trace fossils Definition evidence the creature was there ichnology Term ichnology Definition borings, tracks, gastroliths Term taxonomy Definition naming orgasms Term dating fossils Definition less than 100000 years old for carbon 14 -relative techniques -big ranges Term comparitive morphology Definition which fossils led to the next Term stages of development Definition infant compared to other infants Term homologus structure Definition structure similar because of ancestor Term DNA comparison Definition DNA is structured similar-only a tiny amount of DNA can be out of fossils Term classification Definition genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom -divides up different organisms Term Species Definition biological species concept-look alike morphology concept-interbreeding Term evolutionary relationships Definition cladistic analysis -derived characteristics --cladiogram --relationship b/w organisms Term taxonomy Definition all species have two names genetic and species Term kingdoms Definition -plants -animals -bacteria -fungi -protists Term Six kingdoms of life Definition Eubacteria Archaea Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Term natural selection Definition variation exists among individuals in a population -some traits are more beneficial than others Term earthquakes Definition P-waves=primary-fastest-liquids and solids S-waves=secondary-only solids Term mantle Definition lower upper -astehnospere(weak) -solid but almost hot enough to be melting -lithosphere mohoroylete Term crust Definition continetal crust-out of granite oceanic crust-out of basalt craton-shields, platfroms, orogenic belts Term structrual geology Definition deformation- -brittle -rocks break --low temp, high pressure -plastic-rocks bend --high temp, high pressure Term faults Definition shear plane -foot wall -hanging wall Term extensional fault Definition foot wall is above hanging wall Term compression fault Definition foot wall is below hanging wall Term folds Definition anticline-dome-like a top hat /\ syncline-basin-like a bucket \/ Term plate techtonics Definition asthenosphere-weak lithosphere- Term evidence for contiental drift Definition geologic fit sedimentological data fossil trees paleoclimate indicature similar fossil plan asslemblages similar fossil animal asslembages folds and faults polar wandering Term speciation Definition some type of isolation(physical/reproductive) chiuahua and mastif Term gradual evolution punctuated equilibrium Definition time of year that breeding occurs room for both in fossil records