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geology final
geology final
72
Geology
Undergraduate 2
12/06/2009

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Term
study of waste
Definition
archaeology
Term
point source pollution
Definition
in discrete locations
Term
non-point source pollution
Definition
no single location of pollution
Term
examples of non-point source pollution
Definition
agricultural runoff, vehicle exhausts
Term
Examples of point source pollution
Definition
Smokestacks, waste pipes into streams
Term
Area where there is most pollution in US
Definition
Rust belt for both kinds, Rocky mountains for nonpoint-source
Term
particulates
Definition
fine, respirable solids in the air
Term
toxic gases
Definition
a direct health threat
Term
reactive gases
Definition
participate in chemical reactions
Term
primary pollutants
Definition
single gases
Term
secondary pollutants
Definition
combined gases
Term
ducktown tn
Definition
Supreme Court limited sulfur emissions to
20 tons/day in summer
Term
great London smog of 1952
Definition
killed 4,000 people; positive feedback loop
Term
sources of gas pollution
Definition
–Transportation.
–Electricity.
–Industrial.
Term
sources of particulate pollution
Definition
–Construction.
–Natural.
–Agricultural.
Term
gases in acid rain
Definition
sulfur, nitrogen, carbonic acid
Term
primary agent in acid rain
Definition
sulfur trioxide (So3)
Term
way to clean up acidified lakes
Definition
add crushed limestone
Term
effects of smog
Definition
photochemical reactions, produces ozone
Term
cannot have ozone too close to the surface-problem with smog
Definition
Term
ozone chemical
Definition
o3
Term
where do CFC's come from?
Definition
developed for refrigeration and air conditioning
Term
working fluid for carrying heat
Definition
CFC's
Term
as chlorine +, ozone -
Definition
Term
average earth temperature
Definition
14* C
Term
avg earth temperature without greenhouse gases
Definition
-19* C
Term
examples of greenhouse gases
Definition
water, methane, co2
Term
must abundant absorptive greenhouse gas
Definition
water
Term
water is in________with the atmosphere
Definition
dynamic equilibrium
Term
there will never be a ________ in atmospheric water
Definition
net increase
Term
Anthropogenic flux
Definition
human activities have risen, caused co2 emissions to rise
Term
low temperatures have a ___ O18/O16 ratio
Definition
high
Term
high temperatures have a __O18/O16 ratio
Definition
low
Term
When we plot co2 and temperature they:
Definition
match up, with a lag
Term
A-F? CO2 causes a greenhouse effect.
Definition
fact
Term
A/F: CO2 levels have increased over the last 100+ years.
Definition
fact
Term
A/F: Too much CO2 will raise global temperatures.
Definition
Fact
Term
A/F: How much of the CO increase is anthropogenic.
Definition
Argument
Term
A/F: How much CO2 is needed to raise temperatures.
Definition
Argument
Term
A/F: How high must temperatures get to be damaging.
Definition
Argument
Term
T/F stopping all co2 production is fairly easy economically and politically
Definition
false
Term
How much garbage does NYC produce in a year?
Definition
4.4 million tons
Term
What was the name of NYC’s only landfill and when did it close?
Definition
Fresh Kills, March 2001
Term
What state currently accepts most of NYC’s solid waste?
Definition
Pennsylvania
Term
San Francisco’s recycling rate
Definition
72 percent
Term
How long are modern landfill liners supposed to last?
Definition
30 years
Term
purpose of modern sanitary landfills
Definition
waste isolation
Term
where NYC used to put their waste
Definition
the ocean
Term
problem with modern landfills
Definition
waste isolation prevents decomposition
Term
landfill problems
Definition
no liquid in or out
excess leachate creates a bathtub effect
leaks are inevitable
old, sealed landfills are not entirely stable
operations are costly
Term
T/F Recycling is a new idea
Definition
false- industries always used recycling within themselves; T in the sense that it is new for te public to do
Term
how much municipal waste is reusable?
Definition
up to 2/3
Term
How much processing pollution does aluminum recycling reduce?
Definition
95%
Term
What does compost produce?
Definition
Heat and fertilizer during decomposition
Term
Superfund
Definition
AKA CERCLA (comprehensive environmental response compensation liability act); pinpoints list of hazardous sites; made in 1980
Term
radioactivity
Definition
Spontaneous, random decay of
unstable atomic nuclei.
Term
radiation
Definition
Any energy that is emitted.
Term
ionizing
Definition
high energy, alpha and beta rays, neutrons.
Term
examples of ionizing
Definition
X-rays and gamma rays.
Term
non-ionizing
Definition
much lower energy; Visible light, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet
Term
amount of low radioactive waste
Definition
<1000 BGD
Term
amount of medium radioactive waste
Definition
1,000-1,000,000 BGD
Term
amount of high radioactive waste
Definition
>1,000,000 BGD
Term
Use of Yucca Mountain should start in what year?
Definition
2017
Term
primary sewage treatment
Definition
trapping solids
Term
secondary sewage treatment
Definition
decomposition
Term
eutrophication
Definition
process of nutrients stimulate algae
Term
where is carbon stored?
Definition
reservoirs
Term
movement of carbon is called
Definition
fluxes
Term
T/F remediating groundwater is quite expensive
Definition
true
Term
way to measure health of a stream
Definition
dissolved oxygen (dO)
Term
sag curve
Definition
plot of dO in a stream
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