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Definition
| process in which a desired metal is separated from the other elements in an ore mineral |
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| total amount of useful energy available from an energy resource or energy system over its lifetime, minus the amount of energy used, automatically wasted, and unnecessarily wasted in finding, prcessing, concentrating, and transporting it to users |
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Definition
high, because much of it comes from large, accessible deposits
when sources are depleted, it will decrease |
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Definition
| low, because large amounts of energy are needed to extract, convert, build, and store |
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Definition
| high; use will rise once oil is depleted |
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Term
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Definition
World: 53 years at current usage rate,
42 years if consumption increases by 2%
US: 15-24 years, or 10-15 years if consumption increases, as predicted; additional oil reserves MIGHT add up to 24 years |
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Term
| How long will natural gas last? |
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Definition
World: 125 years, or 200 years if using unconventional as well
US: 65-80 years |
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Term
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Definition
World: 225 years at current usage, 65 years if 2% increase in consumption
unidentified resources could possibly last up to 1000 years! |
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Term
| Where are the world's oil reserves? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the world's Natural Gas Reserves? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the world's Coal Reserves? |
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Definition
| United States, Russia, China, India |
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Term
| How much of the world's oil is used by the US annually? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fine-grained rock containing various amounts of kerogen, a solid, waxy mix of hydrocarbon compounds. |
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| What Oil Shale is Used For |
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Definition
| the kerogen can be distilled by heating it in a large container to yeild shale oil; could meet country's crude oil demand for about 40 years at current use; potential global supplies are 200x larger than supplies of conventional oil |
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Term
| What gases are in Natural Gas? |
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Definition
| methane (50-90%), ethane, propane, and butane |
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Term
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Definition
liquiefied natural gas; at a very low temp, natural gas can be converted to this
highly flammable; can be shipped in tankers |
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Term
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Definition
| liquefied petroleum gas; stored in pressurized tanks for use mostly in rural areas not served by NG pipes |
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Term
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Definition
| heavier crude oil left in wells are removed during this; pump water under high pressure into nearby well to force oil through rock pores to original well, pumping oil and water to surface, separating the heavy oil, and reusing the oil |
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Term
| Top 2 Largest Sources of Energy that Produce Most of World's Electricity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear change in which the nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are split apart into lighter nuclei when struck by a neutron; releases energy and neutrons! |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear change in which 2 nuclei of isotopes of elements with a low mass number are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus; releases large amount of energy! |
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Term
| How is Nuclear Fission Regulated in a Nuclear Reactor? |
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Definition
| moderated by the insertion of control rods, which absorb some of the neutrons, preventing the reaction from going supercritical and possibly leading to a meltdown. The amount of power being produced, or in other words the intensity of the reaction, is controled by how much of how many control rods are inserted into the core |
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Term
| Do we Use Neclear Fusion, and Why? |
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Definition
| after 50 years of research, it is still in lab stage; no tests have produced more energy than used; estimated cost of commercial fusion reactor is several times that of a conventional fission reactor |
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Term
| How is Electricity made in a Nuclear Power Plant? |
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Definition
| cool water is heated, let off as steam which spins the turbine, then let out; the generator creates waste heat and 25-30% useful energy |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter; under proper conditions, will turn into coal over time |
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Term
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Definition
| extraction of a metal ore or fuel resource such as coal from a deep underground deposit |
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Definition
| Form of minging used on hilly or mountaious terrain; a power shovel cuts a series of terraces into the side of a hill; earthmover removes overburden, & a power shovel extracts the coal, with overburden from each new terrace dumped onto the one below |
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Term
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Definition
| surface mining usingwhere terrain is flat; earthmover strips overburden, power shovel digs to remove mineral deposit; trench filled with overburden, new cut made parallel to previous |
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Definition
| type of surface mining in which chain buckets and draglines scrape up sand, gravel, & other deposits covered with water; also removes sediment from streams and harbors to maintain shipping channels |
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Term
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Definition
| removing minerals such as gravel, sand, and metal ores by digging them out of the earth's surface and leaving an open pit |
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Term
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Definition
| % of total energy input that does useful work and is not converted to low quality heat |
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Term
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Definition
5%- incandescant light bulb
10-14%- internal combustion energy
8-14%- nuclear power to heat home/water |
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Term
| Calculate Energy Efficiency |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
made from magma
granite
basalt |
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Term
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Definition
Igneous-(weathering)->sedimentary-(cooling,melting)->igneous
igneous-(extreme temp/press)->metamorphic-(weathering)->sedimentary-(cooling)->Igneus |
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Term
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Definition
| transportation of sediment |
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Definition
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Definition
| linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other |
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Term
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Definition
| two (or more) tectonic plates or fragments of lithosphere move toward one another and collide. As a result of pressure and friction and plate material melting in the mantle, earthquakes and volcanoes are common near convergent boundaries. |
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Term
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Definition
fault which runs along the boundary of atectonic plate. The relative motion of such plates is horizontal
found on the ocean floor, where they often offset active spreading ridges to form a zigzag plate boundary. However, the best-known transform faults are found on land
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Term
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Definition
| point on Earth's surface that is directly above focus |
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Definition
| site of an earthquake (underground) |
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Definition
| measure of energy (Richter scale) |
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Definition
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Definition
| measures intensity of earthquakes |
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Term
| Primary Effects of Earthquake |
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary Effects of Earthquake |
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Definition
| rock slide, aftershocks, fire, flooding, tsunami |
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Term
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Definition
| chunks of cool rock, molten ash out of a volcano |
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Term
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Definition
| water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
| On continent (Mt Saint Helens); violent; ash & rock ejecta; granite; steep; convergent boundaries |
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Term
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Definition
| in the ocean (Muana Loa); quiet & liquid; shield shape; basalt; divergent boundaries; hot spots |
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Term
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Definition
| eroded rock, decaying organic matter, billions of microorganisms, mineral nutrients, water, air |
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Term
| Soil Profile Layers from Top to Bottom |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Surface Litter Layer
roots anchor, water stored, decomposers |
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Term
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Definition
Topsoil: Humus, Partially decomposed organic matter
roots anchor, water stored, decomposers |
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Term
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Definition
Subsoil
sand, silt, clay, gravel |
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Term
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Definition
Parent Material
sand, silt, clay, gravel |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| dissolve soil components and carry them away |
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Term
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Definition
| nonrenewable; 200-1000 years to make 1 inch |
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Definition
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| equal parts; best for growing! |
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Definition
measure of volume of pore space
determines soil permeability- rate of flow downward, aeration, workability |
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Definition
| movement of surface litter and topsoil |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| water cuts small channels |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Loss of Soil Fertility, ability to hold water
Runoff (pollution, harm to wildlife, clog ditches and channels and resoivoirs) |
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Term
| Increased Risk of Soil Erosion Caused By... |
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Definition
| deforestation, plowing, farming on slopes/marginal lands, overgrazing |
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Term
| Problems with Soil Erosion |
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Definition
| desertification, salnization, waterlogging |
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Term
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Definition
| Soil Compaction; plants can't grow! |
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Term
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Definition
| overirrigation, makes soil unstable! |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Reduce Soil Erosion
Restore Soil Fertility |
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Term
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Definition
| conservation tillage, terracing (steep), contour farming (gentle slope) |
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Term
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Definition
| animal maneur, green maneur, compost, crop rotation, inorganic fertilizers |
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