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| Labor Market Segmentation |
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Definition
| The breakdown of industry and occupational groups by age, gender, and ethnic differences, etc. |
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Term
| Labor Sheds / Employment Fields |
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Definition
Daily commuting patterns in urban labor markets
Labor Shed: Discrimination between residential catchments that employers at a given location in a city draw upon for their work
Employment Fields: Scattered job opportunities in a city that individual workers can access from their home base. |
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Term
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Definition
Under workfare, recipients have to meet certain participation requirements to continue to receive their welfare benefits. These requirements are often a combination of activities that are intended to improve the recipient's job prospects.
Increases market flexibility
Reduces costs of labor
Tries to get them off welfare.
Opponents: Contributes to income inequality, Saturates labor market, creates class of "working poor", reduces mean wage. |
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Term
| Occupational Division of Labor |
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Definition
| The division of labor based on education standards and occupational qualifications. Occupation status is the primary segmentation of labor market segmentation. This is the organizing structure upon which capitalist societies rest. |
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Definition
| Gender identities attached to jobs or roles and income inequality between men and women. |
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| Spatial Division of Labor |
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Definition
| Physical separation of production and work tasks. Industrial, finance sectors |
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Definition
| Incomes move towards the extremes, elimination of the middle-class. Doesn't necessarily mean the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer |
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Definition
| The invasion of an area by high-status households who upgrade the housing stock and raise the property values along the way. Involves the gradual displacement of the incumbent residents who may be economically weakened by the decline in the traditional employment that used to be plentiful in the area. |
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Term
| Neighborhood Change Cycle |
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Definition
The dynamic forces that bring together supply and demand in housing markets underpin the formation and progressive evolution of neighborhoods and suburbs.
Steadily changes the geography of housing and the built environment as well as the social geography of communities in cities. |
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Definition
| Wealth accumulated from property and home ownership. Benefits of home ownership seems unequal between classes - the wealtheir obtain more benefits from ownership than do the less waelthy home owners |
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Term
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Definition
Relative accessibility - additional inconveniences or costs based on isolation, and/or distance, infrequent public transports
Community Assets - range and quality of community assets available such as education and medical services, libraries, swimming pools, parks, clubs, etc.
Environmental amenity/ disamenity - proximity to pollutants and hazardous agents
Reputation of place - 'redlining' leading to not lending for poor reputation. |
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Definition
| Cultural diversity within urban areas. Moving from European white domination to a diverse culture with many ethnicities |
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| Planning movement aimed to recreate the idylic community for "frightened" middle-class Americans fleeing old industrial cities. |
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Definition
| Interdependence between urban society and the geography of the city held the key to observing and learning about the social problems that surfaced with increasing urbanization |
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Definition
| Residential densities falling away from the tenements of the ghetto to the bungalows occupied by city commuters and their families |
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Definition
| Residential growth in American cities was more axial than concentric, conforming to a pattern of sectors rather than of concentric circles. |
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Term
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Definition
The analysis of a city to define "social areas" - urban areas which contain people of similar living standards, ethnic background, and life-style.
Three constructs to differentiate urban areas:
Social rank - As it changes, the distribution of skills changes from manual to semi-skilled and skilled white collar jobs.
Urbanization - Weakens the importance of the family unit as it increases
Segregation - Redistribution of population as it proceeds
Variables are chosen for the three constructs: for example, occupation, education, and rent for social rank; fertility and number of working women for urbanization; and isolation of racial groups for segregation. These variables are then combined to form categories for residential areas, such as low social rank, high urbanization, and high segregation. |
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Definition
| Describes those investigations of urban spatial structure which use techniques of factor analysis. Factors relating to housing and socio-economic characteristics are worked out and used to divide the city into a number of distinctive, smaller areas. |
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Definition
| Measuring how different minorities are assimilated with the majority; how minorities are either distributed into majorities or concentrated against the majorities of particular cities. |
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Definition
| A condition in which numerous distinct ethnic, religious or cultural groups are tolerated and represented in the city. Developed by Dahl and Banfield in the 1950's, questions of who governs a city. City politics proceed on an issue by issue basis with elected politicians weighing up the respective merits of the claims presented by various groups with an interest in the urban development process (investors, employees, workers, voluntary agencies, consumers, environmentalists, community activists or residents rallying around a local cause) |
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Definition
| Attempts to show how changes to the form of urban governance and power relationships are conditioned by, and related to, the different phases of capitalism |
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Term
| Urban Regime Theory / Urban Regimes |
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Definition
| Shifts the focus of the power struggle in urban government away from the class-based dynamics of control, domination and resistance to coalition building processes to secure agreed outcomes |
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Definition
| The idea that as cities become mroe economically and socially diverse, people will push for policies that benefit their individual demographic interests rather than those of the community as a whole. Because of this, the policies of cities will reflect the individuals that live there. |
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Definition
| Essentially the same as "green growth" or "sustainable growth". When cities are planned to be ecologically friendly and contain the urban sprawl to protect natural resources, may include zoning laws, mixed-use buildings, urban oasis-type parks. |
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Definition
| Suggests metropolitan strategy plans should be setting aside mixed-use zones for higher density redevelopment in the future. |
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Definition
| "Not in my backyard"; campaigns associated with the defense of property by middle-class home-owners in suburbs. |
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Term
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Definition
| an action plan of the United Nations (UN) related to sustainable development and was an outcome of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. It is a comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken globally, nationally, and locally by organizations of the UN, governments, and major groups in every area in which humans directly affect the environment. |
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Term
| Diagram: Population Density Gradients for the day and night |
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Definition
1950's:
Daytime - City center is very dense, as you move away from the city center density decreases
Nighttime - The city is deserted as a place of residents, becomes much more dense as it reaches 15 miles out, then decreases as it goes further out.
2005: Daytime - City is most dense at the center, but density stays more constant as you move away from the city center.
Nighttime - place of residence density starts out low at city center (higher than in 1950) then increases and peaks out at about 12 miles out, then stays steady until 30 miles out. |
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Term
| Diagram: Time geography (time-space prism) |
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Definition
| Prism used to explore the time constraints of an individual in relation to new activities they may want to include in their daily routine |
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Term
| Diagram: Downward Filtering |
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Definition
Process whereby, over time, a housing unit or neighborhood is occupied by progressively lower-income residents.
For example, many older residences near the downtown of big cities were once occupied by the upper classes, but have filtered down to the relatively poor. At some point in the filtering process, many large houses may be converted into rented multifamily housing.
Old housing occupied by lower-status groups. // Better housing occupied by lower-middle classes. Best housing occupied by upper-middle classes.
Next: New housing built by upper middle classes
Next: Lower classes move up the housing scale
Next: Lower class migrants move into vacated, worst housing |
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Term
| Diagram: Burgess' Concentric Zone Model |
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Definition
Based on human ecology theories done by Burgess and applied on Chicago, it was the first to give the explanation of distribution of social groups within urban areas. This concentric ring model depicts urban land use in concentric rings: the Central Business District (or CBD) was in the middle of the model, and the city expanded in rings with different land uses. It is effectively an urban version of Von Thunen's regional land use model developed a century earlier.[2] It contrasts with Homer Hoyt's sector model and the multiple nuclei model.
The zones identified are:
The center was the CBD
The transition zone of mixed residential and commercial uses or the Zone of Transition
Working class residential homes (inner suburbs), in later decades called inner city or Zone of independent working men's home
Better quality middle-class homes (Outer Suburbs) or Zone of better Housing
Commuters zone
Burgess's work is based on the bid rent curve. This theory states that the concentric circles are based on the amount that people will pay for the land. This value is based on the profits that are obtainable from maintaining a business on that land. The center of the town will have the highest number of customers so it is profitable for retail activities. Manufacturing will pay slightly less for the land as they are only interested in the accessibility for workers, 'goods in' and 'goods out'. Residential land use will take the surrounding land. |
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Term
| Diagram: Hoyt's Sectoral Model |
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Definition
While accepting the existence of a central business district, Hoyt suggested that zones expand outward from the city center along railroads, highways, and other transportation arteries. Using Chicago as an example, an upper class residential sector evolved outward along the desirable Lake Michigan shoreline north of the central business district, while industry extended southward in sectors that followed railroad lines.
In developing this model Hoyt observed that it was common for low-income households to be near railroad lines, and commercial establishments to be along business thoroughfares. Recognizing that the various transportation routes into an urban area, including railroads, sea ports, and tram lines, represented greater access, Hoyt theorized that cities tended to grow in wedge-shaped patterns -- or sectors -- emanating from the central business district and centered on major transportation routes. Higher levels of access meant higher land values, thus, many commercial functions would remain in the CBD but manufacturing functions would develop in a wedge surrounding transportation routes. Residential functions would grow in wedge-shaped patterns with a sector of low-income housing bordering manufacturing/industrial sectors (traffic, noise, and pollution makes these areas the least desirable) while sectors of middle- and high-income households were located furthest away from these functions. Hoyt's model attempts to state a broad principle of urban organization. |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems. It is a standardized measure of demand for natural capital that may be contrasted with the planet's ecological capacity to regenerate. |
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