Term
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
Where was urban growth (what kinds of cities) most concentrated during the Renaissance-Baroque period? |
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Definition
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
Affected capital city, seaport city and planned town |
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Term
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
What new kinds of forms were imposed on the layout of cities during this period, and for what purposes? |
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Definition
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
Reintroduce classical ideas of order and organization into urban landscape, Grand Manner: term to describe new layout and design, planning ideal, straight streets/grid, introduce diagonals, nodes/asterisks, monuments/fountains/arches, consistent architecture (parallel roof lines), ceremonial axis, total plan: all things put together |
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Term
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
Why do we say that many of these new forms first appeared in the countryside? |
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Definition
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
Ideas behind layout were in many ways developed before in countryside? upper classes are often landed, experimenting with form, defensive manner because less |
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Term
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
Were these new forms introduced everywhere, or only in certain places and under certain circumstances? |
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Definition
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
No, affected only few types of cities in LARGE ways |
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Term
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
What effect did changing military technology have on cities during this period? |
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Definition
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
Revolution in military engineering led to defensive girdle? masses of earth piled up, madae into system of defenses, in between the defenses are forks, (killing fields, creates a girdle), Vauban was a French military engineer |
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Term
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
How during this period were the residential circumstances of the wealthy beginning to diverge from those of the rest of urban society? |
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Definition
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
Appearance of the residential square: open space surrounded solely by residential buildings occupied by people of high social class or rank |
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Term
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
How congested were Renaissance-Baroque cities? |
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Definition
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
Becoming very crowded, no longer able to expand outward to accommodate new demands for space as they had in the past, new defenses were too large to tear down, cities were forced to build more densely |
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Term
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
Versailles (residential city): |
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Definition
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
Servants brought in to keep activities going, enormous formal garden full of geometric forms, viewed nature as having tremendous potential, couldn’t done without human interference, accommodated the tastes and special needs of the upper classes ? residence city, elegantly planned urban setting for princely palaces, which often featured an elaborate system of radial streets focused on the royal residence |
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Term
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
formal Renaissance gardens: |
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Definition
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
full of geometric form, viewed nature as having tremendous potential, couldn’t be done without human interferences, everyone tried to keep up with the idea |
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Term
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
English landscape gardens: |
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Definition
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
much more natural looking, cow pasture? artificial lake, mounts from the hole of the pasture ? hills, was gentle looking, populated by herd of sheep, trenches were built around the edges |
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Term
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
The “Grand Manner” ideal: |
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Definition
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
term to describe new layout and design, planning ideal, shape entire city so as to reflect its position in the hierarchical social and political order of time. Straight streets (grid), nodes/asterisks, monuments/fountains/arches, consistent architecture (parallel roof lines), “gilded” urban landscapes that simultaneously embraced ostentatious display and demonstrated the stability and legitimacy of princely power and authority |
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Term
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
the Lisbon earthquake: |
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Definition
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
Sunday Morning – All Saints Day, Tidal wave washed out city, brought down most of buildings in the cent of the city, rebuilt afterwards, street city redone in a grand manner |
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Term
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
the London fire |
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Definition
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
exception to grand manner, 1666, designs: rectangular grid, key nodes at important parts of the city, grand manner never was implemented, too slow, landowners begand to rebuild along the old pattern, today roads look medieval because of this |
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Term
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
defensive “girdles” : |
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Definition
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
revolution in military engineering, developed geometric in-depth defenses, masses of earth piled up, made into a system of defenses, in between are forks which are killing fields, creates a girdle |
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Term
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
Vauban (military fortress engineer): |
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Definition
Renaissance-Baroque (Early Modern City) developments
created the defensive girdle |
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Term
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
The industrialization of towns and cities had two phases – how would you characterize and explain these phases? |
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Definition
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
Two phases, rural proto-industry ? large number of brand new industrial towns, improved technology and transport added to existing cities (primarily capitals and seaports), great increase in population of Europe, Proto-Industry? countryside is non controlling, can escape the power of guilds? if you want to begin to change the whole pattern of production you cannot do it in the towns with guilds exist because they will not let you, under-employed rural labor turned profitable,
Phase 1: Rural Implosion: near sources? new industrial towns, collect all individuals into a single place, eventually brand new towns, textiles can easily be moved out to countryside, metallurgy? farmers set up small forge, produce amount of metal bars each year, moved to the coalfields
Phase 2: Industrialization of capitals and ports ? movement of industry into capital cities to bring labor and large material into a large city, consumer products massed produced |
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Term
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
How did industrialization change the manner in which goods were produced? |
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Definition
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
Goods were now produced in mass production as opposed to before with skilled craftsmanship |
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Term
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
How were the functions and built environments of city centers transformed during this period? |
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Definition
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
Hard labor? machines, workshops? factories, improved technology and transport added to existing cities, primarily capitals and seaports, industrial era row or terrace housing? new development associated with rail lines, shape of cities was altered (oval? octopus-like with arms and legs and big interstitial areas of emptiness and in between) |
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Term
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
How were industrial workers housed; on the continent, in Britain? |
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Definition
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
In Britain/Ireland workers were housed in row/terrace housing, which were cottage-like, housing shares walls, behind has some sort of courtyard, idea was to produce homes cheaply, modestly and easily
Everywhere else: preferred solution was the construction of enormous, multistoried tenement buildings that virtually covered entire city blocks, poor conditions, poorly built, cram as many as you could in a small building |
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Term
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
What role did railroads play in the growth of cities? |
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Definition
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
Railroads revolutionized transportation and rail lines quickly connected cities to one another, as the city expanded there was a tendency for tentacular fingers of urban development to follow these transportation lines, leaving interstitial areas of open countryside between these fingers. |
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Term
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
How did the overall shape of cities change? |
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Definition
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
Shape from oval to irregular shape, see above! |
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Term
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
How would you characterize the architecture of this period? |
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Definition
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
New innovations in architectures, 19th century commercial-industrial architecture, downtown environment with office space, banks, hotels, theaters, restaurants, insurance companies all move in to central quarters of city; new buildings constructed out of iron, steel, glass, brick; always an effort to make things look historical (neo-historical styling, maintain tradition), styles very popular |
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Term
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
How was the social geography of cities changing during this period? |
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Definition
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
? entertainment? variey of dance halls, theatrical venues, motion-picture theaters now present, leisure? place to go where people who go to read newspaper, be seen, drink coffee, Sundays at the beaches |
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Term
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
Proto-industry or cottage industry |
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Definition
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
an early period in which a new type of industrial town evolved from the reorganization and intensification of a proto-industrial economy that had long existed in some rural or semi-rural areas; countryside – non controlling, escape power of guilds, under-employed rural labor turned profitable |
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Term
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
rural implosion: |
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Definition
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
near sources ? new industrial towns |
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Term
industrial or victorian urbanization
coal fields: |
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Definition
industrial or victorian urbanization
metallurgy (small forge), farmers set of small forge, produce amount of metal bars each year, moved to the coal fields |
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Term
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
row or terrace housing: |
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Definition
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
new development associated with rail lines, in Britain/Ireland, cottage-like, shares walls, behind has some sort of courtyard, idea was to produce homes cheaply, modestly, easily |
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Term
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
tenements: |
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Definition
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
housing for lower class everywhere else on the continent, enormous, multistoried tenement buildings that virtually covered entire city blocks, small dark apartments often without exterior windows, highly populated, unhealthy (high infant mortality), |
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Term
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
infrastructural developments (railroad, bridges, underground transportation, water and sewage, etc) |
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Definition
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
Railroad stations? cathedrals of the era, pre-cast wrought iron and glass, shipped in bulk to construction sites, new innovations in architectures; linking railroad stations together to make system work, introduction to underground railways, London underground, construction of bridges and embankments, great stink: no adequate sewage system, smell got so bad that even in houses of parliament you couldn’t do work |
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Term
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
neo-historic commercial-industrial architecture: |
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Definition
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
always effort to make buildings look historical, maintain tradition, downtown environment, new buildings constructed out of iron, steel, glass, brick (modern material buildings) |
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Term
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
retailing - department stores and galleria: |
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Definition
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
Traditionally done in market swaures, now retailing spaces, arcades (modern day shopping malls), passageway that goes through the middle, rows of exclusive shops, occur now all across Europe, introduction of the department store (Harrods in London), galleria? new retail establishments set in rather grand surroundings were an important addition to changing centers of 19th century European cities, built in 1860s, one of the most fashionable places to shop and be seen in the city, architect fell to his death while inspecting the roof just days before the gallery opened |
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Term
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
Haussmannization (Grand Manner in Paris): |
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Definition
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
Term refers to the mayor of Paris at the time, worked to invest in new look of capital, tangled and dirty dense core and follow through, tear out slums, possible because of idea of modernizing the core of cities, growing middle class was willing to invest in the process (grand manner worked because of this), new Paris for middle and upper classes (nice dwelling spaces) |
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Term
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
Crystal Palace (Great Exhibition of 1851) |
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Definition
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
: for modernity, most big cities wanted to display their progress, London started this with an exhibition, centerpiece was the Crystal Palace |
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Term
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
Eiffel Tower (International Exhibition of 1889) |
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Definition
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
: built entirely out of lattice wrought iron, when built for exhibition they were planning to tear it down after, survived because it was difficult to tear down right away, when it was built the French though it was an abomination because it didn’t look historical at all |
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Term
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
Art Noveau (Jugendstil, modernisme, etc.) |
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Definition
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
: Begins in Germany, attempt to say enough of historicism, do something modern, originally more floral decoration, later more abstract phase; Barcelona? moderniseme |
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Term
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
Antonio Gaudi: |
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Definition
Industrial or Victorian urbanization
famous architecture of modernisme in Barcelona, Casa Mila ? not a straight wall in the entire architecture, attempt to do something completely new and different, Gaudi’s obsession: temple expiartori, still under construction today |
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Term
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
What was the origin of the “garden city” ideal, and what effect did the building of garden suburbs have on the shape of cities? |
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Definition
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
Ebenezer Howard – Garden Cities of Tomorrow, (1902), popular book during WWI, series of small, planned cities in a rural setting, large agricultural area with a ring fence, compact planned towns surrounded by rural belts, mixture of rural and urban residents and land uses, only a fraction of each town’s land to be built over, each town centered on civic and center; Garden City Suburbs: sanctuary, low building costs (government wanted to repay the soldiers), light rail transportation, highly consumptive of land, changed the shape of cities? between industrial arms and legs (interstitial areas) made city round again by filling in areas size often triple/quadrupled with the resizing, enormous development (semi-detached homes, front garden and gently curving streets), sometimes apartments, working class homes, problems: gobbled up enormous amounts of land, resulted in concern of spreading, merging, began to get idea that someone needs to plan for this expansion to control urban development? Green Wedges to plant, stop merging |
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Term
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
What is meant by the term “conurbation”; and how did planners propose to combat or control it? |
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Definition
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
Areas where cities were already closely spaced, continued suburban expansion brought on the specter of massive coalescences of towns and cities into great urban agglomerations; reflective of the cautionary view of what was happening held by such visionaries who foresaw the need for comprehensive urban and regional planning; to combat it was the idea of the garden city, encircling cities with green belts, interwar model housing |
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Term
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
How did capitals emerge during this period as great international or “cosmopolitan centers? |
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Definition
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
Not just national capitals but world cities, avantegard, needed to keep up with reconstruction of public buildings |
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Term
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
How was Berlin an example of this? |
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Definition
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
Berlin: great cosmo place in Europe, it was famous for art, Berlin-style broadway, cafes nightclubs hedonistic lifestyle socialist games; “Place that Never Slept”; Weltstadt? projected itself both as a model of modern disciplined productivity and enlightened governance as a fascinatingly avante garde society of restless souls indulgently caught up in the devil-may-care pursuit of pleasure and extravagance |
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Term
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
What new form of architecture was introduced during this period? |
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Definition
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
The Bauhaus school introduced an architecture that represents modern style, functional spaces, uses a lot of glass, mostly reflecting modernity using modern materials and focuses on function, the shell house also introduced the modern style of office space with the new type of urban architecture |
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Term
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
How did totalitarian regimes (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Stalin’s Russia) attempt to reshape the city to legitimize their power and vision of the future? |
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Definition
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
The Great Depression? totalitarian regimes ran the government, tried to put their landscape into the glamorous cities during the great depression ? Germans lacked community, Nazis began to redesign centers of cities and create classical Roman-Style Forum with the Big Bell Tower, this would be the gathering place; most didn’t last, however some cities were effected; Mussilini suggested facist state was related to past with forum/buildings, excavation of the past |
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Term
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
How was Nuremberg a special example of this in Nazi Germany, particularly in its use of the “new” and the “old”? |
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Definition
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
Nuremburg was the cite of Nazi-party rallies, very centrally located in Germany, was one of the elector cities in Germany (city would elect, had strong relation to German Identity, Romantic historic past), had an urban exhibition- Bavarian Jubice? Exhibition, all made Nuremburg a perfect place, ironic that Nuremburg was very much communist and unsupportive or the Nazi part, Zeppellin tribune: designed by Hitler’s best known architect, boxy and get very Greek-Like ancient, Cathedral of Ice, took place in Zeppelin tribue, US used it as a training ground; German Stadium? never finished, supposed to fit 405,000 people, combo of modern design and throw back to ancient Greeks; great road that ran down the center of the grounds; wasn’t romantic enough? Jewish homes/business taken out, buildings stripped of plaster (show wood, “cleansing in Nuremburg”), create an urban environmental image |
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Term
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
How were totalitarian regime planners intending to transform Berlin and Moscow? |
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Definition
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
Berlin: after WWII its name was supposed to be change and completely redone, Moscow: supposed to be redone, city part of city supposed to be wiped out, palace of the soviets? building in middle of city, gigantism style of urban environment, couldn’t be completed due to WWII, one part that was completed: the metro system, one of the wonders of the urban world, intricate inferior design |
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Term
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
Ebenezer Howard and Garden Cities: |
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Definition
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
Ebenezer Howard – Garden Cities of Tomorrow, (1902), popular book during WWI, series of small, planned cities in a rural setting, large agricultural area with a ring fence, compact planned towns surrounded by rural belts, mixture of rural and urban residents and land uses, only a fraction of each town’s land to be built over, each town centered on civic and center; Garden City Suburbs: sanctuary, low building costs (government wanted to repay the soldiers), light rail transportation, highly consumptive of land, changed the shape of cities? between industrial arms and legs (interstitial areas) made city round again by filling in areas size often triple/quadrupled with the resizing, enormous development (semi-detached homes, front garden and gently curving streets), sometimes apartments, working class homes, problems: gobbled up enormous amounts of land, resulted in concern of spreading, merging, began to get idea that someone needs to plan for this expansion to control urban development? Green Wedges to plant, stop merging |
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Term
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
Conurbation: |
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Definition
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
Areas where cities were already closely spaced, continued suburban expansion brought on the specter of massive coalescences of towns and cities into great urban agglomerations |
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Term
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
Bauhaus School of Design: |
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Definition
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
architecture that represents modern style using functional spaces and a lot of glass |
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Term
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
Potsdamer Platz in Berlin:
Via Imperiali (Imperial Way in Rome):
Nuremberg Rallies in Nazi Germany:
Germania (Nazi plan for postwar Berlin):
Moscow Plan of 1935: |
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Definition
Modern urbanization: INTERWAR
Potsdamer Platz in Berlin:
Via Imperiali (Imperial Way in Rome):
Nuremberg Rallies in Nazi Germany:
Germania (Nazi plan for postwar Berlin):
Moscow Plan of 1935: |
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