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| overbank flow: high water level that overflows the natural or artificial levees, causes damage to facilities |
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| EG: flooding because snow caps melted |
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| whatever is deposited over the sides of the river. Deposits are nutrient rich (good for agriculture/farming) |
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| the region where the water flows |
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| divides the drainage basin |
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| areas of high elevation that direct the water down |
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| the water is behaving like a thin sheet of water and flowing on the landscape |
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| deeper depression area where water flows |
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| sticks, leaves, sand grains (majority of the load) |
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| elements that are dissolved in the water (EG: sodium, calcium, etc) smallest |
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| bed/bottom of the steam: rocks, pebbles, etc. rolling around the bottom, traction, or saltation. second largest |
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| where you find salt in the water |
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| Q = VA - Maximum depth times the maximum width |
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| water deposited sediment in a fan shape; river brings material and dumps it |
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| depositing river water into the ocean |
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| "too much discharge" when the river makes a s-shape, increased sinuosity of channel path (cuts into banks, uses excess energy to erode and transport sediment, lengthens path, lowers gradient, decreases rate of flow; DYNAMIC |
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| area of deeper ponding water |
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| shallower water that moves quickly |
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| sin curve that used to be connected to the river but it is now cut off. Sometimes they're wet and sometimes they're dry |
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| "too much load" and insufficient water to move the sediment; sediment deposited on a stream bottom, increases rate of flow, increases load-carrying capacity, straightening to shorten distance and increase gradient |
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| frequency with which floods occur; reoccurrence interval, extent of damage, smaller floods versus larger floods |
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stage vs. time
discharge vs. time
stage vs. discharge |
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| what causes local floods? |
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| flash flood, abundant rainfall, storm surges (wall of water coming onto shore from a hurricane), break-up of winter ice (ice-jam flood), floods released after breakup of short-lives natural dams, failure of human built dams and levees |
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| local thundercloud forms and unleashes a flash flood in a few hours; fast and localized |
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| high water over a larger region for weeks, large river valley, low-lying area, prolonged heavy rains, few deaths but extensive damages |
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| why do people live near rivers? |
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| recreation, agriculture, etc. |
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| structural response to flood hazards |
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| dams-trap water, levees-create taller and larger channel, engineering projects-straightening, widening, deepening, and removing debris from channel, flood-proofing, sandbagging |
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| nonstructural societal response to flood hazards |
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Definition
| more accurate flood forecasting satellites, zoning and land-use policies, floodplain regulation and flood-hazard mapping, insurance programs-national flood insurance program, evacuation planning, awareness and education |
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| how to break though levees |
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Definition
| wave attack (break over time from force of water), overtopping water (not tall enough), slumping (failure along the curve line), sand volcanoes; piping (water comes out from below spewing out like a volcano) |
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| Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act; Presidential Disaster Declaration (PDD) is very subjective they don't give dollar amounts |
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| more discharge at an earlier time; more dangerous/impacted |
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| less discharge at a later time |
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| human modification of channel: remove debris, deepen, widen, straighten, reduce toughness, NO more meandering (all of these make it easier for water to flow through the channel). |
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| describe the weather leading up to the 1993 MS river flood |
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| records amount of rain, high pressure system; the jet stream moved from its normal area and it sat in the midwest. This allowed for storm after storm after storm |
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| positives of the civil works projects |
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| flood control, jobs for people, economy help |
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| negatives of the civil works projects |
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| weak/failed, costly to build/clean up, stop the natural cycle of things (decreases soil), false sense of security, etc. |
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| What are some short-term methods that people and towns try as a last resort to prevent flooding |
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| sandbagging, dynamite in the levee, fight water with water |
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| Explain the different responses people and towns have regarding rebuilding after a devastating flood |
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some want to rebuild because their whole life is there, family grew up there, very sentimental
some don't want to leave because their whole lives are there |
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